Tributary valleys found on the side
of the main valley; often have
waterfalls flowing down to the main
valley below. These may sit
hundreds of metres above main
valley below.
Church Beck, Lake District
Form as tributary valleys, do not
have as much ice as main valley
glacier.
There is a greater rate of erosion beneath
main valley glacier, deepening main valley in
relation to tributary valley. Once glaciers
retreat, tributary valley left perched above.
As tributary streams fall over steep
sides, descend to the main valley
below as waterfalls.
Fjord
A submerged glacial valley with
steep valley sides; U in cross
section reflecting shape of
original glacial valley.
Fairly straight, deeper inland with a shallower section at seaward end (threshold)
Contains water which is uniformly deep and may be over 1000m in depth.
Sognefjord, Norway
Flooded glacial troughs,
created due to eustatic
sea-level rise, resulting in
the drowning of glacial
troughs.
Fjord is shallower at sea end due to formation of original trough.
Glacier would have thinned towards its snout, losing power of erosion.
Truncated spurs
A vertical cliff on the valley side.
In Borrowdale in the Lake District
As glaciers pass through a valley they straighten it and the power of ice is
enough to remove or truncate the interlocking spurs through processes of
glacial erosion, creating truncated spurs on sides of valley.