734032
Description
Mind Map by minowanorton, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by minowanorton
about 11 years ago
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Working Memory Model
- This memory model addresses one aspect of memory- STM or immediate memory.
- Baddely & Hitch used the term 'working memory' to refer to the bit of memory you are using when you're working on a complex task which requires you to store info as you go.
- STM is not a unitary store. Decided to test the idea that STM is actually more complex than first thought by giving ppts DUAL TASK TECHNIQUE. They found that if you do two things at the same time that are both visual,
your performance decreases whereas if you do one that's visual and one is verbal then you do them both just as well as if you were doing them seperately.
- They believed 2 tasks can take place at the same time if the are dealt with by different parts of memory system. They concluded STM is flexible, complex system that consists of control mechanism- CENTRAL
EXECUTIVE assisted by 2 slave systems- PHONOLOGICAL LOOP & VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD that allow for 2 tasks to be done at once.
- CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
- This is supervisory component which has overall control over the other 2 slave systems. Most important & complex role-Controls which info is and
isn't attended to. Plays major role in planning & combining info from slave systems. Has limited capacity, can only attend to limited number of things
at one time.
- PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
- Responsible for dealing with auditory sounds. It can be divided into 2 sub parts:
PHONOLOGICAL STORE, which allows acoustically encoded items to be stored briefly and the
ARTICULATORY PROCESS, which allows sub-vocal repetition of the items in the
PHONOLOGICAL STORE.
- Responsible for dealing with auditory sounds. It can be divided into 2 sub parts:
PHONOLOGICAL STORE, which allows acoustically encoded items to be stored briefly and the
ARTICULATORY PROCESS, which allows sub-vocal repetition of the items in the
PHONOLOGICAL STORE.
- VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD
- Second slave sysytem & is a temporary store that deals with visual spatial info &
the relationship between them. This helps person navigate & interact with their
physical environment.
- Second slave sysytem & is a temporary store that deals with visual spatial info &
the relationship between them. This helps person navigate & interact with their
physical environment.
- PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
- This is supervisory component which has overall control over the other 2 slave systems. Most important & complex role-Controls which info is and
isn't attended to. Plays major role in planning & combining info from slave systems. Has limited capacity, can only attend to limited number of things
at one time.
- CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
- They believed 2 tasks can take place at the same time if the are dealt with by different parts of memory system. They concluded STM is flexible, complex system that consists of control mechanism- CENTRAL
EXECUTIVE assisted by 2 slave systems- PHONOLOGICAL LOOP & VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD that allow for 2 tasks to be done at once.
- STM is not a unitary store. Decided to test the idea that STM is actually more complex than first thought by giving ppts DUAL TASK TECHNIQUE. They found that if you do two things at the same time that are both visual,
your performance decreases whereas if you do one that's visual and one is verbal then you do them both just as well as if you were doing them seperately.
- Baddely & Hitch used the term 'working memory' to refer to the bit of memory you are using when you're working on a complex task which requires you to store info as you go.
- Strengths
- 1) Dual task studies:
- Baddeley et al gave ppts simple tracking task while carrying out simultaneous visual imagery:
- -Ppts asked to hold image in their heads & then starting at bottom left-hand
corner, to respond to each angle as yes if it included bottom or top line of the
letter. Ppts had enormous difficulty in tracking spot of light & accurately
classifying the corners. This seems to be because the 2 tasks were competing
for the same limited resources of the visuo spatial sketchpad.
- However, ppts could succesfully carry out the tracking task while at the same time
performing a verbal task. This is because they were making use of the seperate stores of
the VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD & THE PHONOLOGICAL LOOP. This supports the idea
that there are seperate components in the working memory model.
- However, ppts could succesfully carry out the tracking task while at the same time
performing a verbal task. This is because they were making use of the seperate stores of
the VISUO-SPATIAL SKETCHPAD & THE PHONOLOGICAL LOOP. This supports the idea
that there are seperate components in the working memory model.
- -Ppts asked to hold image in their heads & then starting at bottom left-hand
corner, to respond to each angle as yes if it included bottom or top line of the
letter. Ppts had enormous difficulty in tracking spot of light & accurately
classifying the corners. This seems to be because the 2 tasks were competing
for the same limited resources of the visuo spatial sketchpad.
- Baddeley et al gave ppts simple tracking task while carrying out simultaneous visual imagery:
- 2) Physiological evidence form Brain Scans:
- Brain activity in the CENTRAL EXECTUTIVE should be increased when an
individual has to perform 2 tasks at the same time rather than 1 after the other.
FMRI scans show that brain activity was significantly more active when individual
was carrying out 2 tasks.
- Brain activity in the CENTRAL EXECTUTIVE should be increased when an
individual has to perform 2 tasks at the same time rather than 1 after the other.
FMRI scans show that brain activity was significantly more active when individual
was carrying out 2 tasks.
- 3) More plausible than Multi-store model
- Because it can account for findings that are difficult for multi-store model to
explain, e.g. some of the selective memory deficits that have been found in
brain damaged patients such as K.F, who had problems processing verbal info
but not visual stimuli.
- Because it can account for findings that are difficult for multi-store model to
explain, e.g. some of the selective memory deficits that have been found in
brain damaged patients such as K.F, who had problems processing verbal info
but not visual stimuli.
- 4) Real life applications
- There is such a high correlation between working memory span &
performance on various tasks, it's been suggested that working memory
capacity might be used as a measure of suitablility for certain jobs.
Specifically, there have been investigations into it's use as a recruitment
tool for the US air force.
- There is such a high correlation between working memory span &
performance on various tasks, it's been suggested that working memory
capacity might be used as a measure of suitablility for certain jobs.
Specifically, there have been investigations into it's use as a recruitment
tool for the US air force.
- 1) Dual task studies:
- Weaknesses
- 1) Not a comprehensive model
- Researchers have argued that it's still not a complete model of meory &
in 2000 Baddeley responded to these criticisms by developing the model
further by adding another slave system called the episodic buffer. This
system intergrates info from the central executive, phonological loop,
visuo-spatial sketchpad & from LTM. There's also research to support this
component.
- Researchers have argued that it's still not a complete model of meory &
in 2000 Baddeley responded to these criticisms by developing the model
further by adding another slave system called the episodic buffer. This
system intergrates info from the central executive, phonological loop,
visuo-spatial sketchpad & from LTM. There's also research to support this
component.
- 2) Role of central executive remains unlcear.
- There's a possibility the central executive is not a unitary structure. Support for this comes from
patient EVR who suffered brain damage, he performed well on tests that required reasoning but
he had poor decision making skills, suggesting there may be more than one component to the
central executive.
- There's a possibility the central executive is not a unitary structure. Support for this comes from
patient EVR who suffered brain damage, he performed well on tests that required reasoning but
he had poor decision making skills, suggesting there may be more than one component to the
central executive.
- 1) Not a comprehensive model
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