TROPHIC CASCADES IN YELLOWSTONE PARK

1. Bear
2. Aspen Willow Leaves

Annotations:

• wolves brought the elk population

1. Scavengers
   1. Berries
2. 1. Beaver

      Annotations:

      • After wolf reintroduction the beaver colonies increase from 1 to 12
      1. Birds

Annotations:

• the wolves became significant predators of coyotes after their reintroduction

Annotations:

• the recovering vegetation stabilized the riverbank