A in civil possession either actual delivery to B
or instructed to hold for the benefit of B
Constructive delivery
Delivery and actual intention
Actual delivery
Transit by ship: A hand to B the bill of landing
Symbolic delivery
Sale
Sale of Goods Act 1979
s.16 - 18 Rules of transfer
s.17 Retention of title: Armour v Thyssen: std
security not created until actual possession
s.25 good faith
Incorporeal property
Transfer
Assignation {writing not required}
intimation or other act given to the debtor
Real rights- by registration or possession
if no intimation the assignation - not completed
Assignatus utitur jure auctoris
Assignation does not worsen the position of the debtor
Problems with transfer
A does not own the property - void title
Fraud or undue influence- voidable
16-18: prejudicial transaction
Gift to defeat creditors B(S)A '85 s.34
Transfer in breach of obligation not to do so
VOIDABLE= valid until is set aside
Exceptions to the nemo dat
Situations where original title is given or transferred
Accretion
Involuntary transfers
personal bar
statutory provisions regarding sale of goods
Mercantile agents
can pass a title to a purchaser in good faith without notice of their lack of authority if in
possession with the owners consent and acting in the ordinary course of Business
hire purchase cars
h.p. agreement in good faith
Invalidity of contract
Exception for the rule penalising private knowledge of a prior right
Rodger (Builders) Ltd v Fawdry {bad faith}
Narrow exception: the bad faith of the grantee is punished in limited circumstances
Trade Development Bank v Crittall Windows - court applied bad
faith exception but competing rights not correlative
Corporeal moveables
Default rule: risk will pass with ownership SGA s.20
Incorporeal property Guarantee covers
existence of the right being assigned
cedent's own title to the right
Remedies against the transferor- warrandice
Valid title to the buyer
Title free from encumbrances {except immaterial or known to buyers at date of conclusion of c,}