Chapter 3.1 globalisation of sport

Popular recreation
1. life in pre industrial Britain
  1. communication were limited
  2. illiterate
  3. lower class were treated violently
  4. limited free time
  5. class divisions
  6. lived in rural areas
2. characteristics of popular recreation
  1. limited transport so activities were local
  2. sport restricted to annual events
  3. used natural land for games
  4. rules were basic and applied to particular community
  5. long work hours
  6. aggressive and male dominated
  7. upper class bet on the lower class
  8. harsh society, caused lots of injury
3. Game examples
  1. real tennis
  2. mob football
  3. athletics
Industrial and post-industrial development of sport
1. development of rational recreation
  1. when Britain became industrialised sport turned from popular recreation to rational recrreation
  2. games were more logical
  3. more structure to the games
social and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation
1. industrial revolution (first half of 19th century)
  1. migration of lower classes into urban areas
  2. lack of leisure time
  3. lack of income
  4. poor health
  5. loss of rights
  6. lack of public provisions
2. industrial revolution (second half of 19th century)
  1. health and hygiene improved
  2. gradual increase in wages
  3. more time for sport
  4. new middle class
  5. value of athleticism
  6. industrial patronage
  7. improved transport and communication
  8. cheaper to travel
3. Urbanisation
  1. Mob games were banned
  2. Lack of space
  3. Large working populations
  4. Loss of traditional sports
  5. Change in working conditions
4. Transport revolution
  1. Movement of teams and spectators
  2. Improved access to new parts of the country
  3. Cheaper train travel
  4. Improved access to coutnryside
5. Communcations
  1. Society became more literate
  2. printed media increased knowledge of sport
  3. led to role mdoels
  4. Match reports
6. Church
  1. encouraged social control
  2. diverts people away from dangerous past time
  3. provide facilities e.g. halls
  4. sports promote Christian values
  5. YMCA promotes healthy body/mind
7. Middle Class
  1. Codification
  2. Competitions, leagues
  3. Public Provision
  4. Increased Leisure time
  5. Professionalism
Development of sport in Britain and its spread through the British Empire
1. Public School boys and ex university students
  1. Teachers: developed teams and taught sporting values
  2. Factory owners: set up teams and gave workers time off for sports
  3. Clergy: developed church teams, took sport abroad
  4. Officers in British Army: spread sport throughout empire
  5. Diplomats: travelled the world and took sports with them
2. Public Provision
  1. Public Baths
  2. Plunge baths
  3. used to swim in
  4. sport was used as social control
3. National governing bodies
  1. Mid to late 19th century they were created
  2. Due to:
    1. Sport becoming more popular
    2. more teams and clubs being created
    3. Leagues and competitions required
    4. Codification was required
    5. to deal with commercialisation of sport
4. Characteristics of rational recreation
  1. Respectful: non violent
  2. regionally: sports spread everywhere
  3. Codification: rules introduced
  4. Referees/officials
  5. Purpose built facilities: pitches, tracks & grounds
  6. Skills based: positional roles, training more emphasis
Amateurism and professionalism
1. Amateurism late 19th century
  1. appreciate the value of health and fitness
  2. playing for the love no financial gain
  3. usually upper classes (gentleman amateur)
  4. training frowned upon
2. Positives of amateurism
  1. they held a higher status then professionals
  2. they adhered to a code of ethics (high moral level)
  3. Code of amateurism playing with rules
  4. participation more important than winning
  5. belonging to social elite, having wealth and free time for sport
  6. they were the elite performers
3. professional late 19th century
  1. Working class
  2. poor
  3. little free time to play
  4. committed to training, perform to best ability
  5. Low moral, winning important
4. Positives of professionalism
  1. they could receive payment for playing
  2. performance increased due to training
  3. determination to succeed because of payment
5. modern day amateurs
  1. lower status
  2. performance at top level open to everyone
  3. some have finance to pay for training expenses
6. modern day professionalism
  1. social class no longer a barrier
  2. they are at the top
  3. More time to train e.g full time
  4. high rewards
  5. celeb status
  6. role models
  7. money invested
  8. spectators go and watch their matches
emergence of elite female footballers in modern day
1. Reasons for increase in opportunities
  1. equal opportunities
  2. increased media of women football
  3. More female role models in football
  4. increased approval from FA
  5. more clubs forming
  6. more funding into game=more participation
  7. more free time
commercialism, media & sponsorship
1. golden triangle
  1. They are all reliant upon each other
  2. all dependant,without each side sport wouldn't be what it is today
2. effects of commercialism on the performer
  1. receive high income for particpation and commercial activities e.g sponsorships
  2. paid for successful results (winning is important)
  3. under pressure to perform when injured
  4. must specialise in sport to compete
  5. become entertainers
  6. controlled by sponsor
3. effects of commercialism on sport
  1. rules and scoring changed to speed up the action e.g badminton score on every point
  2. breaks in play so sponsors can advertise their products and services
  3. competition formats changed e.g 20/20 cricket
  4. sports by women have less coverage
  5. increased tech has meant viewing is easier

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