911904
Description
Mind Map by Laura Phillips, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Laura Phillips
almost 10 years ago
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Class: Patterns of Victimisation
- BACKGROUND TO THE DEBATES
- Reaction against 'dispositional' criminology
- Shift in focus from offending behaviour toward preventing victimisation
- Social exclusion and 'routine activities'
- Victim surveys and secondary analyses - unequal
patterns of area (neighbourhood) crime levels
(Hope, 1996, 2000; Trickett et al, 1992, 1995)
- Research into the risk of crime victimisation
- Area crime incidence - the number of crimes per head of population
- Area crime prevalence - the proportion of victims in the population
- Area crime concentration or
'vulnerability' - the number of
victimisations per victims
- Area crime incidence - the number of crimes per head of population
- Reaction against 'dispositional' criminology
- FINDINGS
- Property and personal
crime is extremely unequal
in its distribution amongst
residential areas of E&W
- Members of half of
the residential
communities in E&W
between them suffer
less than a fifth of the
total amount of
household property
crime (Hope, 2000)
- Over a half of all property crime is
distributed amongst 20%of
residential communities (Hope, 1997)
- Areas with the top 10% of crime rates account for a third of all property crime
and nearly two thirds of all personal crime in E&W (Hope, 1997)
- High crime areas have
the highest prevalence
AND concentration of both
property and personal
crime (Trickett et al, 1992)
- Strong correlation between
increasing inequality of
victimisation and increases in
other indices of disadvantage
(Trickett et al, 1992)
- Rich crime, poor crime? (Dixon et al, 2006)
Rich = vehicle crime and criminal damage.
Poor = burglary, domestic violence, mugging
- Risk of victimisation
- Analysis of the BCS has found that living in
certain types of area is associated with a
heightened risk of burglary, car crime and violence
- Mixed inner city
areas with a
mixture of poor,
private rental
housing and
owner occupation
- Non-family areas
with a mix of
wealthy homes and
multiple
occupancy private
rented
accommodation
- Poorest local authority
housing estates located
either in inner cities or
in the outskirts
- Mixed inner city
areas with a
mixture of poor,
private rental
housing and
owner occupation
- Differences between high and
low crime areas - social
structure, ecology of tenure,
community structure
- Characteristics of the
highest crime areas -
concentration of poverty,
disorder, rate of victimisation
- Analysis of the BCS has found that living in
certain types of area is associated with a
heightened risk of burglary, car crime and violence
- Property and personal
crime is extremely unequal
in its distribution amongst
residential areas of E&W
- INEQUALITY OF
VICTIMISATION
- Areas of high crime incidence
characterised by both...
- High crime prevalence -
implying a focus on the social
conditions shared by many
victims living in these areas
- High crime concentration -
implying a focus on the
attribution of those individuals
being repeatedly victimised
- High crime prevalence -
implying a focus on the social
conditions shared by many
victims living in these areas
- Related dispute over
causal relationship
between routine
activities and
victimisation; and/or
social exclusion and
victimisation
- Social exclusion
- Social context of
routine activities and
other dynamics of
victimisation (Hope
1996, 2000)
- Offenders' embeddedness in crime
- Vulnerable victims
- Diminishing social control
- The 'critical mass' of
exclusion and victimisation
- Social context of
routine activities and
other dynamics of
victimisation (Hope
1996, 2000)
- Routine Activites
- 'Routine activities' of
offenders, victims and
guardians (Farrell et al,
1996 - see table in ppt)
- RA - difference in area prevalence and concentration of personal and
property crimes: persistence of suitable victim status; short supply of
suitable victims accentuating repeat victimisation; supply of many suitable
victims and limited supply of offenders limiting repeat victimisation
- RA -
implications
for prevention
- 'Routine activities' of
offenders, victims and
guardians (Farrell et al,
1996 - see table in ppt)
- Social exclusion
- Areas of high crime incidence
characterised by both...
- SUMMARY
- Consensus
- Correlation
- Causation
- Consequences
- Consensus
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