Explanations for the success and
failure of dieting.
The Restraint theory
The Boundary model
Developed by Herman and Polivy.
According to the model, hunger keeps intake of food above a
min and satiety works to keep intake below a max.
Between these two levels psychological factors have the greatest impact on
consumption, dieter tend to have a larger range between hunger and satiety as
it takes them longer to feel hungry and more food to satisfy them
In addition restrained eaters have a self-imposed desired
intake, once they have gone over this boundary they continue
to eat until they have reached satiety.
research suggests that 89% of women in the UK restrain
what they eat some point in their lives.
Herman and Mack suggest that attempting to not
eat actually increases the probability of eating
Role of denial
This model shows that attempting to suppress a thought e.g.
food has the opposite effect and you think about it more.
Wegner and the white bear experiment.
Partcipants were in 2 conditions, one allowed to think about
the white bear and one who wasnt.
When they thought about the bear they had to ring a bell.
Participants allowed to think about the bear pressed the bell significantly
less that those who couldn't think about it.
The theory of ironic
process of mental control
Attempts to suppress thoughts of unhealthy foods or ones you enjoy only serve
to increase the dieters preoccupation with the food they're trying to deny.
Detail the success of dieiting
Redden suggested that the secret success of dieting lies in the attention
we pay to what is being eaten
He claims people enjoy experiences less if they repeat
them, when dieting this makes it hard to stick to a
particular regime.
To overcome this he suggest you dont just think of it as another salad but
to look at the detail in the meal such as the type of lettuce used e.g. rocket
By focusing on the specifics of each meal people get less bored and
so better able to maintain the diet.
The jelly bean experiment
Redden gave 135 people 22 jelly beans, one at a time, as each was
dispensed information about it was flashed on a screen.
one group saw general information such as bean 7 whereas the
others saw more specific details such as the flavour.
he found people enjoyed the task more if they saw the
details and got bored faster if they saw the general
information.
Comentary
Ironic process of mental control
Research support
Soetens provided experimental support , participants were divided into restrained and
unrestrained eaters, the restrained eaters were then divided into high or low
disinhibitions. he found that high restrained group used more suppressing thoughts.
Limited experimental effects
As experimental effects go they
are detectable but far from
overwhelming.
Restraint theory
Implications for obesity treatment
The restraint theory suggests that
restraining leads to over eating but the
treatment for obesity is to restrain what
you eat.
However obesity may not be the result of overeating,
overeating may be a consequence of of obesity if restraint
is recommended as a treatment.
Limited relevance
Ogden points out that although dieters, bulimics and anorexics report episodes of
overeating behaviour of restricting anorexics cannot be explained using the theory,
if trying not to eat results in overeating how do yo explain the behaviour of anorexics.
IDA
Cultural differences in obesity
Research has shown that some cultures find it more difficult to lose work than
others, Asia people have a natural inclination to be obese than europeans
Free will or determinism
is it likely that there is some genetic mechanisms which
play influence into a persons weight.