959952
Description
Mind Map by hannahmcgrath199, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by hannahmcgrath199
about 11 years ago
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Bruce and Young's theory of face recognition
- Face recognition is an area of psychological
research concerned with pattern recognition,
which investigates how we process and
recognise faces.
- Bruce and Young developed one of the most widely
accepted models of face recognition. The model
essentially presents face recognition as a series of
stages which are accessed serially. There are two
paths through the model- one for familiar faces and
one for recognising facial expressions. The model
only applies to face recognition rather than general
object recognition or word recognition.
- Structural encoding
- The process starts with structural
encoding. The details of a
person's face are encoded or
translated into specific
information about the features
and about the expressions on the
person's face. This information is
then sent to a range of different
units .
- The process starts with structural
encoding. The details of a
person's face are encoded or
translated into specific
information about the features
and about the expressions on the
person's face. This information is
then sent to a range of different
units .
- Recognising familiar faces
- One route through the model is concerned with the
recognition of familiar faces. Face recognition
units contain information about faces you know. If
encoded information has a reasonable match with
this information then the FRU is activated and
triggers the next node the person identity node
(PIN). PINs contain information about the person's
identity such as their occupation. Once a person's
identity is established then a person's name can
be retrieved (NRU). Activation of any of these
nodes may draw on the cognitive system to decide
whether the match is close enough to constitute
recognition.
- One route through the model is concerned with the
recognition of familiar faces. Face recognition
units contain information about faces you know. If
encoded information has a reasonable match with
this information then the FRU is activated and
triggers the next node the person identity node
(PIN). PINs contain information about the person's
identity such as their occupation. Once a person's
identity is established then a person's name can
be retrieved (NRU). Activation of any of these
nodes may draw on the cognitive system to decide
whether the match is close enough to constitute
recognition.
- Recognising facial expressions
- The second route of the model is concerned with the
other kinds of information provided by faces, such as
information about emotional state or information
related to what a person is saying. Data from
structural encoding is used to work out the meaning
of facial expressions (expression analysis node), to
use lip movements to help understand what
someone is saying (facial speech analysis) and
process other facial information (directed visual
processing). This route is used when dealing with
unfamiliar faces, which accounts for the finding that
some people with brain damage can match familiar
faces but not unfamiliar faces.
- The second route of the model is concerned with the
other kinds of information provided by faces, such as
information about emotional state or information
related to what a person is saying. Data from
structural encoding is used to work out the meaning
of facial expressions (expression analysis node), to
use lip movements to help understand what
someone is saying (facial speech analysis) and
process other facial information (directed visual
processing). This route is used when dealing with
unfamiliar faces, which accounts for the finding that
some people with brain damage can match familiar
faces but not unfamiliar faces.
- The cognitive system
- All the nodes are linked to the cognitive
system which provides information as
required, for example information about
stereotypes (e.g. actresses tend to be
attractive) or information about people we
(e.g. who we are likely to see at your local
shopping centre).
- All the nodes are linked to the cognitive
system which provides information as
required, for example information about
stereotypes (e.g. actresses tend to be
attractive) or information about people we
(e.g. who we are likely to see at your local
shopping centre).
- Structural encoding
- They conducted a diary
study where they asked 22 participants to keep a record of
the mistakes they made when recognising people over an
eight-week period. They found that many errors involved
recalling information about the person but not recalling their
name, but never recalling their name without some relevant
personal identity information. The pattern of these errors is
explained by the serial nature of the model (PIN comes
before NRU).
- Criticism: They used quite a small
number of participants do the
findings may not be generalisable to
the general population.
- Criticism: They used quite a small
number of participants do the
findings may not be generalisable to
the general population.
- Supporting study: Young et al. (1985)
- Critical study: Gauthier et al. (2000)
- Face recognition isn't special. They
found that the FFA was also active
when experts were asked to
distinguish between different types of
bird and different types of car.
- Face recognition isn't special. They
found that the FFA was also active
when experts were asked to
distinguish between different types of
bird and different types of car.
- Criticism: The details of unfamiliar face processing
are vague, and other components of the model, such
as the cognitive system, are also not clearly
specified.
- Strength: The main strength of the model is
that it generates precise precisions that can be
tested, and that can further our knowledge of
face recognition. The model also spells out the
differences in the way familiar and unfamiliar
faces are processed.
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