France 1814-24

March 1814 Fall of Paris, Napoleon exiledApril 1814 Louis XVIII accepts CharterMay-June 1814 First Peace of ParisMarch 1815 The 100 Days, return of NapoleonJune 1815 Napoleon Defeated at the Battle of WaterlooNovember 1815 Second Peace of Paris, occupying army and war indemnity 1816 White Terror, violence concentrated in the Midi, 7000 Napoleon supporters executed or imprisoned1816 Change to electoral system, 90% ultra to 35%1816-1820 War indemnity paid off, period of moderation and liberalism1816-1818 Richleau Cheif Minister, replacing TalleyrandSeptember 1818 Electoral reform, 1/5 of members re-elected anuallyDecember 1818-1820 Decazes Chief Minister1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, France admitted into Concert of Europe1818 Reform of the army, became more democratic1819 Press censorship law under Guizot1820 Murder of the duc de Berry, shift in policy to the right1820- 1822 Richleau Chief Minister1822 Resignation of Richleau, Comte de Vilelle Chief Minister1822 Electoral reform, 15,000 richest men elect 1/3 of deputies April 1823 French intervention in Spain restores King Ferdinand to the throne1824 Death of Louis XVIII

Bourgeoisie: -initially not unsympathetic to Bourbon monarchy, wanted a regime that would uphold law and order and gains of the revolution-liked the terms of the Charter such as equality and freedom of speech-idea of a constitutional monarchy appealed to them, especially pays legal who would be influenced the most-the 100 Days increased criticism of monarchy, "arrived in baggage train of enemies"-disliked criticism from the clergy of purchasing bien nationaux, 75% of which owned by the bourgeoisie-new electoral systems 1816 and 1818 benefitted them-shift to the right in 1820 unpopular, increase in press censorship and extreme royalism- 1822 electoral reform double vote for richest quarter of electorate, didn't like swing in favour towards emigres and the church-fear of restoration of the power of the clergy e.g. in education, Bishop of Paris in control after 1820Peasants-worried initially about change back to Bourbon flag, Louis appeared to be old fashioned, didn't want to lose what they had gained in the revolution i.e land and freedom-Charter restored confidence, optimistic about restoration and a move towards more liberal government-Second Restoration unpopular, occupying army caused havoc and huge war indemnity of 700 million francs-liberal period of 1816-1820 better, relaxing of press censorship, reform to the army, 35% ultra chamber of deputies after 1815-period of ultra reaction after 1820 unpopular, move towards old regime and controlsBonapartists/Republicans-society divided vertically as well as horizontally,  supporters from a range of classes-although not outwardly against First Restoration Napoleonic support remained as seen in the 100 Days-Second Restoration huge backlash against bonapartists, violence in the Midi, protestant bonapartists against catholic royalists-fierce violence in the Gard-execution of Marshal Ney Michel in 1815 stirred up resentment, he was a great military leader under Napoleon and became a martyr figure for those going against the Bourbon monarchyUltras-mostly emigres, wanted the land back that aristocrats and the Church had lost in the revolution-purged civil service and local government, 50,000 officals dismissed, 3476 political convictions

Timeline

Opinions