10 - arctic coasts

Formation of Sea Ice: small ice crystal suspension -> group to form a thin skin -> field of small ice bodies 'pancake ice' -> group to form sea ice.Due to sea ice wave action on the coasts is restricted to 8-10 weeks per annum, further south this can be months.

Arctic sea ice is melting as usual, but returning in the autumn freeze in progressively smaller volumes every year, this has an effect on arctic land warming.The paper found through modelling that arctic sea ice loss rapidly accelerates the land warming, resulting in rapid permafrost degradation and increased vulnerability of existing permafrost in subsequent years.

French 2007

Lawrence et al. 2008