Anantomy and physiology notes

Functions of the skeletal system:MovementBlood productionSupportProtection of organsMineral store

Functions of axial skeleton:Protects vital organsProduces blood cellsStores minerals SupportSlight movement

Functions of the appendicular skeleton:Blood productionMovement (main function)Stores mineralsSupportElement of protection in pelvis

Types of bones:Long bone - femur - movementShort bone - tarsals - shape/slight movement Flat bone - cranium - protectionIrregular bone - patella - movement

Joints

A joint is a place where two or more bones articulate (meet).Immovable (Fibrous) joints - fixed joints - E.g joints between the bones in the skullCartilaginous joints - slightly movable - E.g joints between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the cervicalSynovial joints - freely moveable - E.g Ball and socket

Structure of a synovial joint:Feature -------> Structure ---------> FunctionLigament - a strong band of fibrous tissue - connects bone to boneSynovial fluid - a slippery fluid the consistency of egg whites that is contained within a joint cavity - to reduce friction between the articular cartilage within the joint.Articular cartilage - glossy-smooth cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the joints - absorbs shock prevents friction between the ends of the bonesJoint capsule - tough fibrous layers (two layers) fibrous capsule outside of the synovial membrane - strengthens the joint and the synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid.

Movements at a joint: Flexion - flexion is moving forward from Anatomical position "Bending"Extension - extension is moving backward from the Anatomical position "Straight"ABduction - abduction is moving a body part away from the centre line of the bodyADduction - adduction is moving towards the centre line of the boyCircumduction - moving in a cone direction Flex, Ext, Ab ,AdPronation and Supination - Unique for the radio ulnar joint. Rotation of the forearm. In anatomical position forearm is supinated. Pronation is when the palm faces down. Supination palm facing up. SOUP. cup of soup.Lateral flexion - unique for the spine, bending the spine sidewaysDorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion - unique for the ankle. Dorsiflexion foot moves to shin. Plantar flexion foot moves away from shin.

Three types of muscle:Skeletal - Muscles that are attached to the skeletonInvoluntary - Muscles that work sub consciously / continuously such as your diaphragm. Cardiac - Unique to your heart and works continuously.Muscles:Agonist - Prime mover, the working muscle Antagonist - The muscle that relaxes whilst the agonist is working.Fixator - The fixator muscle contracts isometrically and allows stability at a joint to allow the agonist and antagonist to work properly

Muscular contractionIsotonic -------> Creates Movement -------->Concentric (muscle shortens / agonist)                                                  -------->Eccentric (muscle lengthens / antagonist)Isometric (Fixator, usually core stability muscle) ---------> No movement

Core Stability:Two core stability muscles:1. Transverse abs2. Multifidus A strong core stability gives you a more stable centre of gravity, reduced risk of injury and pain in the lower back, improved posture and spine/body alignment.

Rotator Cuff:Two rotator cuff muscles:1. Terres minor2. Subscapularis A lot of sporting movements involve rotation of the shoulder, the rotator cuff muscles are put under a lot of stress, Common injuries include tears of the tendons/muscles and inflammation of structures in the joint.

Muscle Fibres Structural differences       Characteristic Slow twitch (type 1)  FOG (type 2a) Fast Glycolitic (type 2b) Fibre size                      Smallest   Large    Largest Number of mitochondria Largest   Large    Smallest Number of capillaries Largest   Large    Small Myoglobin content High   Moderate          Low Functional differences Slow twitch (type 1) FOG (type 2a)  Fast Glycolitic (type 2b) Speed on contraction    Slow Fast                Fastest Force of contraction    Low                            High Highest Resistance to fatigue    High Low Lowest Aerobic capacity    High Low Lowest Anaerobic capacity    Low High Highest

Physiological effects of a warm up on the Muscular system:Pulse raiser:- Increases your heart rate, increases your blood flow sending more oxygen to the working muscles- Increases temperature of your working muscles - Muscles become more plyable (elastic) Dynamic stretches: - Warming up your joints- Increased secretion of synovial fluid- Increases blood flow and muscle temp      Static stretches:- Stretching off your muscles, never stretch cold.Skill based:- Increased hand eye and foot eye coordination- E.G bringing a ball inPhysiological effects of a cool down on the muscular system:- Faster removal of lactic acid from fast twitch fibres- A decrease in the risk of DOMS- Improves flexibility / ROM

Impact of different types of physical activity on the skeletal / muscular systems. 10 mark plan.Types of physical activity:Endurance sports; rugby, swimmingContact sports; football, rugbyHigh impact sports; rugby, marathon runningRepetitive sports; cycling, marathon runningLow impact; swimming, cycling W.H.O (World Health Organisation 'say')F- 5 times a weekI - 70% of your max HR, moderate to high intensity (aerobic)T - 40 minutesSkeletal and muscular benefits of doing this:Skeletal Muscular Increases bone density and reduces chance of developing osteoporosis High force/ speed of contraction leading to better performance Less strain on the spine, easier to maintain good alignment, reduces likelihood of lover back problems Stronger muscles, core stability strengthens, good posture. Supports lumber spine Strengthens joint structure, better joint stability due to improved strength of ligaments Better muscle tone Reduces body fat therefore less impact on joints Muscles hypertrophy Strengthens cartilage reducing risk of osteoarthritis   Tendons strengthening, less chance of an overuse injury Increases the secretion of synovial fluid increasing the range of motion   Negative impact on the skeletal and muscular systems:Joint dislocation - Occurs when articulating bones are forced from their normal position and joint ceases to function properly.Osteoarthritis - When articular cartilage is damaged and wears away exposing the bone tissue and can lead to bone spurs. The joint becomes swollen and painful and movement is limited.Joint sprain - A joint injury that stretches or tears ligament from wear and tear of activity or sudden injury therefore reducing stability of the joint.Growth plate injuries can result in the abnormal growth of bone tissue or a complete stop to bone growth.

Factor affecting the musculo-skeletal system (disorder/injury)Osteoporosis is a common bone disorder caused by a low bone density. Weakens the bone. Risk factors, inactivity in childhood, having a serious injury.Growth plate - An area of growing tissue near the end of long bones in children and adolescents. Common injuries are fractures caused by a sudden force traveling through the bone in impact activities.Osteoarthritis - A degenerative disease caused by a loss of articular cartilage at the ends of long bones in joints. It causes pain, swelling and reduced motion in joints.Joint stability - The resistance offered by various musculo-skeletal tissues that surround the joint.Posture and alignment - Posture can be thought of in terms of alignment and good posture meaning that you can carry out physical activity with minimum risk of injury. 

Flow of blood in the heart:Dexoygenated blood enters the heart through the vena cava. The blood flows into the right atrium and forces the tricuspid valve open, once the blood is into the right ventricle the valve closes to prevent back flow. Now that the deoxygenated blood is in the right ventricle its pressure forces the semi lunar valve open and once the blood is through the valve closes to prevent back flow. Dexoygenated blood then travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs and re enters the hurt via the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium. Once the blood is in the left atrium the pressure forces the bicuspid valve to open and once the blood is through into the left ventricle the valve closes to prevent back flow. The pressure of the blood in the left ventricle causes the semi lunar valve to open and once the blood has flowed into the aorta the valve closes to prevent back flow. The oxygenated blood now goes to all the bodies tissues which require it before the process begins again. 

Complete notes