Chromosomes and Genes

IntroductionA chromosome consists of many base pairs arranged into a double helix. For example, the DNA in the longest human chromosome contains about 300 million base pairs. 

Complementary Base PairsThe pattern of complementary base pairing means that if one strand of  DNA molecule has the sequence TAGCAT, then the sequence on the partner strand must be ATCGTA. This are known as palindromic sequences. A palindrome is a word or sequence that reads the same way reading left to right and right to left. For example, DAD or NAVAN. 

GenesA gene is a sequence of many bases. The precise sequence of bases is called the genetic code. A gene works, or is expressed, when this code is sent to the cytoplasm (ribosome) to make a protein. This process is called translation. 

TranscriptionTranscription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary,  antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes the nucleotide Uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement. 

Protein Synthesis 

Structure of DNA - Complementary Base Pairs, Sugar group and Phosphate. 

TranslationTranslation is the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins. It is part of the process of gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by a ribosome complex to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein.

Chromosomes and Genes