Chapter 7: Cellular respiration

7.1 the importance of cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration intermediate products : NADH FADH2 ATP NADH is the reduced form of NAD+FADH2 is the reduced form of FAD+NADH-an electron carrierNAD-an electron acceptorFADH2-an electron carrierFAD-an electron acceptorThe transfer of electrons releases energy: that can be use in cellular respiration produces more stable ions or compounds Products have less energy than the reactants indicates that the energy are releaseThis energy can be use to make ATP. Electrons that are transferred in oxidation-reduction, energy is made available for the cell to make ATP or to attach a free phosphate to ADP to make ATP.ATP-high energy compound

ENERGY, CELLS and ATP-energy demands for most cellular respiration are supplied by the energy stored in ATP.examples: chromosomes movement = virtually living cells bioluminescene = in highly specialized cells in a few organismsACTIVE TRANSPORT- used to move substances either into or out of the cell through a concentration gradient using a membrane-bound carrier proteins and enrgy from ATP-vitamins, amino acids and hydrogen ions are transported by active transport across the membrane - carrier proteins are often refer to as "PUMPS"*ALL OF THESE PUMPS ARE REQUIRED ENERGY FROM ATPPUMPS-found in the membranes of different cells ex: sodium-potassium pumpTHE ACTIVE TRANSPORT: The molecule to be transported attaches to an open binding site on one side of an carrier protein ATP converted into ADP to release energy The energy causes a change in the shape of the protein that carries the solute to the other side of the membrane ENERGY OF ATP = 3 sodium ions (out of the cell) for every 2 potassium ions (into the cell) USES OF ATP:MOTION- specialized fibres withincells to contract causing movement of the cell or within the cell- ex: chromosome movement, movement of organelles, cytoplasmic streamingMUSCLE CONTRACTION-involves two different protein molecules sliding past each other. -this process is responsible for all the movements of contractile fibres.TRANSPORT OF IONS AND MOLECULES-using of "pump" -active transport of molecules against the concentration gradientBUILDING MOLECULES-provide energy to build large molecules-ex: building of new DNA or joining amino acidsSWITCHING ON AND OFF-alter the shape of molecule, which alter the function of molecules-EX: certain enzymesBioluminescence-reactions with molecule called luciferin and oxygen-produces light in glow worms and fireflies

GLUCOSE AND ATP-all cells use energy from the ATP to meet their metabolic energy needsATP molecules provide a relatively small amount of energy Molecules with a higher energy content are therefore useful for both long- term storage of chemical energy and bulk transporting of chemical energy within cells and multicellular organisms Carbohydrates, most notably in the form of glucose, are the most usable source of energy. Glucose, along with oxygen, is one of the substrates of cellular respiration. some of the energy in glucose is converted to ATP. the energy content of glucose and other energy-rich molecules can be exchanged or converted into the energy of numerous ATP molecules