In the light-dependent stage, ___ energy is trapped by photosynthetic ___, ___. Its ___ occur ___ called ___ which are held in the ___ of the ___.
light | pigment | chlorophyll | molecules | grouped together in structures | photosystems | thylakoid membranes | grana
chemical | pigment | chlorophyll | molecules | grouped together in structures | lightsystems | thylakoid membranes | grana
light | pigment | chlorophyll | molecules | haphazardly which are also | photosystems | membranes | grana
light | molecules | chlorophyll | pigment | grouped together in organelles | chlorosystems | stroma | grana
In each ___, several ___ ___ molecules plus ___ pigments ( ___ & ___ ) are arranged.
photosystem | hundred | chlorophyll | accessory | carotene | xanthophylls
chlorophyll | hundred | photsystem | accessory | carotene | xanthophylls
photosystem | thousand | chlorophyll | extra | carroteen | xanthophylls
photosystem | hundred | stroma | additional | carotene | xanthopills
All these ___ ___ harvest ___ energy and funnel it to a ___ chlorophyll ___ of the ___; this is known as the ___ and different ___ around it absorb ___ energy of slightly differnt wavelengths.
pigment | molecules | light | single | molecule | photosystem | reaction centre | pigments | light
grana | molecules | chemical | a few | atoms | photosystem | reaction centre | chemicals | chemical
pigment | molecules | light | multiple | molecules | photosystem | epicentre | pigments | chemical
pigment | molecules | chemical | single | molecule | photosystem | reaction point | pigments | light
There are two types of photosystem present in the ___ of the __ and these are photosystem I which has a reaction centre acivated by ___ of wavelength ___. Photosystem II has a reaction centre activated by __ of wavelength ___ and is referred to as ___; Photosystem I is known as ___.
thylakoid membranes | grana | light | 700nm | light | 680nm | P680 | P700
thylakoid membranes | grana | chemical | 700mm | light | 680mm | P700 | P680
grana | thylakoid membranes | light | 700nm | light | 680nm | P680 | P700
Stroma | grana | light | 900nm | light | 680nm | P680 | P900
Although they have specific and differing roles, ___ I and II occur ___ in the ___ of the __, along with specific ___ i.e. ___ & ___.
photosystems | grouped together | thylakoid membranes | grana | proteins | enzymes | electron carrier molecules
reactions | separately | thylakoid membranes | grana | proteins | carrier proteins | electron carrier molecules
photosystems | grouped together | thylakoid membranes | grana | molecules | enzymes | proton carrier molecules
granules | joined | stroma | chlorophyll | proteins | enzymes | electrons
Enzymes catalyse :
the splitting of water into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen atoms.
the formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate (Pi).
the conversion of oxidised H-carrier (NADP+) to reduced carrier (NADPH + H+).
the splitting of hydrogen into hydrogen ions & electrons.
the formation of ADP from ATP and phosphate (Pi).
the conversion of oxidised H-carrier (NAD+) to reduced carrier (NADH + H+).
When ___ reaches the reaction centre, ___ of the key ___ molecule are ___ to an '___' state by the ___ energy received.
light | ground-state electrons | chlorophyll | raised | excited | light
chemical | ground-state electrons | stroma | raised | excited | light
light | sky-state electrons | chlorophyll | lowered | excited | chemical
light | ground-state protons | chlorophyll | raised | dejected | light
As a result, ___ energy ___ are released from this ___ molecule and bring about the ___ changes of the light ___ reactions, whilst the spaces vacated by them are continuously refilled by ___ or ___ ___.
high | electrons | chlorophyll | biochemical | dependent | non-excited | ground-state | electrons
low | electrons | grana | biochemical | dependent | non-excited | ground-state | protons
high | electrons | chlorophyll | chemical | dependent | non-state | ground-excited | electrons
high | protons | chlorophyll | biochemical | independent | non-excited | ground-state | electrons
First the ___ electrons from photosystem ___ are picked up and passed along a ___.
excited | II | chain of electron carriers
ground-state | II | chain of proton carriers
excited | I | chain of electron carriers
non-excited | I | chain of hydrogen carriers
As these ___ electrons pass, some of the causes the pumping of ___ from the ___ ___ into the ___, where they accumulate causing the pH to ___.
excited | protons | chloroplast's | matrix | thylakoid spaces | drop
ground-state | hydrogen ions | chloroplast's | matrix | thylakoid spaces | increase
excited | hydrogen ions | chloroplast's | membrane | thylakoid membranes | drop
excited | hydrogen ions | chloroplast's | matrix | thylakoid spaces | increase
The resulting ___ gradient created across the ___ ___ sustains teh synthesis of ___ and is another example of ___.
proton | thylakoid | membrane | ATP | chemiosmosis
electron | thylakoid | membrane | ADP | chemiosmosis
proton | thylakoid | matrix | ATP | chemiosmosis
proton | mitochondrial | membrane | ATP | phosphorylation
As a result of these energy transfers, the excitation level of the ___ ___ and they come to fill the vacancies in the ___ of photosystem __. Meanwhile the 'holes' in the ___ of photosystem __ are filled by ___ in their ___ state from ___ molecules.
electrons | falls back to the ground-state | reaction centre | I | reaction centre | II | electrons | ground | water
protons | falls back to the ground-state | epicentre | I | reaction centre | II | electrons | non-excited | water
electrons | falls back to the non-excited-state | reaction centre | I | reaction centre | II | protons | ground | hydrogen
electrons | stays the same | reaction centre | I | reaction centre | I | electrons | excited | water
The ___ charged '___' in photosystem __ are powerful enough to cause the splitting of ___ ( ___ ) in the presence of a specific ___, which then triggers release of ___ and ___ as well as ___.
positively | vacancies | II | water | photolysis | enzyme | hydrogen ions | oxygen atoms | ground-state electrons
positively | electrons | II | water | electrolysis | enzyme | hydrogen atoms | oxygen ions | ground-state electrons
negatively | vacancies | II | hydrogen | photolysis | enzyme | hydrogen ions | oxygen atoms | non-excited-state electrons
positively | vacancies | I | water | photolysis | enzyme | hydrogen ions | oxygen atoms | excited electrons
The ___ atoms combine to form ___ -the ___ of photosynthesis; meanwhile the ___ ions are used in the ___ of ___.
oxygen | molecular oxygen | waste product | hydrogen | reduction | NADP+
hydrogen | molecular oxygen | waste product | oxygen | reduction | NADP
oxygen | oxygen | waste product | hydrogen | reduction | NAD
oxygen | molecular oxygen | product | hydrogen | reduction | NADP+