RAD3004

1. 1Which type of cells are the main output cells of the cortex?

   1. ASmooth stellate cells
   2. BSpiny stellate cells
   3. CPyramidal cells
   4. DGanglia cells
2. 2In order from left to right, what neuroanatomically specific terms can best describe these images?

   

   1. AAxial, coronal, sagittal
   2. BSagittal, coronal, axial
   3. CCoronal, axial, saggital
   4. DAxial, sagittal, coronal
3. 3Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL) sequence is used in which type of neuroimaging technique?

   1. APerfusion fMRI
   2. BMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
   3. CDiffusion weighted images
   4. DPositron Emission Tomography
4. 4The following image was likely obtained using which neuroimaging technique?

   

   1. APositron Emission Tomography
   2. BfMRI
   3. CMagnetoencephalography
   4. DNear-infrared spectroscopy
5. 5Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis for functional specialisation?

   1. AInput X giving rise to Output Y will be associated with exclusive activation in Region Z
   2. BInhibition/lesion of Region Z will prevent Output Y in response to Input X
   3. CStimulation of Region Z will elicit Output Y in the absence of Input X
   4. DInter-regional activation will show increased levels of correlation in association with Input X and Output Y
6. 6How can one orient the spin of a proton away from the direction of the strength of the magnetic field?

   1. AThrough application of a brief energetic radiofrequency pulse
   2. BThrough introducing new hydrogen atoms around the scanner
   3. CBy decreasing the temperature inside the scanner
   4. DShortening the length of the experiment by 45 seconds
7. 7What relationship does Faraday's law represent?

   1. AThe relationship between electrical charge, motion, and magnetism
   2. BThe relationship between the gyromagnetic ratio, the resonance frequency, and the external magnetic field
   3. CThe relationship between the common precessing frequency and the common direction of precession
   4. DThe relationship between the quantity of electricity used in an electrode-electrolyte boundary
8. 8What does the T1 constant represent?

   1. AThe rate of return to thermal equilibrium following an RF pulse
   2. BThe process by which the transverse components of magnetization decay or dephase
   3. CThe rate of relaxation which is specifically dependent on tissue type
   4. DThe detection of the signal at an interval after the RF pulse
9. 9Which is best for anatomy?

   1. AT1
   2. BT2
   3. CT2*
   4. DT3
10. 10Which is best for pathology?

    1. AT1
    2. BT2
    3. CT2*
    4. DT3

11. 11Which represents the overall effect of random and fixed influence in spin-spin interactions?

    1. AT1
    2. BT2
    3. CT2*
    4. DT3
12. 12Which of the following has the lowest spatial resolution?

    1. AT1
    2. BT2
    3. CT2*
    4. DT3
13. 13What does turning on a gradient coil do?

    1. ATransforms the uniform magnetic field into one which has subtle differences in the intensity of the magnetic field depending on where you are in the magnet
    2. BTransforms the inhomogeneous magnetic field into one that is uniform
    3. CChanges the field strength and thereby resonant frequency
    4. DManipulates the TE and TR so that they are the same and therefore allowing for a T2* contrast to be produced, this is more efficient than any other method of manipulation TR and TE
14. 14If I want to localise a voxel along the third and final axis, which type of encoding do I use?

    1. AFrequency Encoding
    2. BPhase Encoding
    3. CEcho Encoding
    4. DGradient Encoding
15. 15Which of the following best defines intrinsic parameters?

    1. AThe mechanisms that contribute to transverse magnetism
    2. BThe manipulation of elements such as TE and TR to achieve a weighting of images
    3. CProperties such as the voltage which can increase the SNR
    4. DCorrection algorithms applied to improve the fit of the general linear model
16. 16Which of the following regarding MRI safety is true?

    1. AThe magnetic field is confined to the scanner itself
    2. BYou can monitor the core temperature of the scanner in real-time
    3. CThe only way to terminate the magnetic field is by doing a magnet quench
    4. DThere are no temperature limits regarding localised regions of the body, but there are strict regulations for whole body heating
17. 17Which of the following is a factor contributing to the decay of transverse magnetisation?

    1. AMolecular interactions
    2. BLocal homogeneities of the magnetic field
    3. CTime of the scan
    4. DStrength of the magnetic field
18. 18Which word could be used to describe oxygenated blood in relation to signal loss?

    1. ADiamagnetic
    2. BParamagnetic
    3. CHaemomagnetic
    4. DOxymagentic
19. 19If something is described as paramagnetic, what does this mean?

    1. AIt can interact with local magnetic fields
    2. BIt cannot react with local magnetic fields
    3. CIt can react with every magnetic field
    4. DIt cannot react with any magnetic fields
20. 20How long does it take for the BOLD signal to reach a peak?

    1. ADepends on the speed of the neural activity
    2. B4-8 milliseconds
    3. C2-4 seconds
    4. D4-8 seconds
21. 21Which of the following regarding BOLD signal images is NOT true?

    1. AThre is an intrinsic absolute value to the signal which correlates to z > 3.2
    2. BBOLD signals are noisy
    3. CVariance observed in the BOLD signal from the voxel can be explained by the model of stimulus-stimulus responses
    4. DRepeating stimuli and tasks can increase signal to noise ratios
    5. EAn observed increase in BOLD signal intensity could be due to excitation, inhibition, or any combination of the two
22. 22Which of the following is true?

    1. AThe haemodynamic response cannot sum
    2. BWhen a voxel is activated in association with a task, we can make a large number of conclusions as to the role of that voxel
    3. CThe model of the haemodynamic response is used as a predictor for local vascular activity
    4. DfMRI paradigms can only include one type of stimulus or task
23. 23Which assumption must be met for subtraction to work?

    1. APure insertion
    2. BInteractive effects
    3. CIndependent data
    4. DNormal distribution
24. 24Which analysis could I use if I were wanting to highlight brain regions associated with a function consistently occurring across all of the tasks I present?

    1. AConjunctional analysis
    2. BFactorial analysis
    3. CParametric design
    4. DGroup analysis
25. 25Which fMRI pre-processing strategy involves an index of alignment? What is this strategy used to correct?

    1. AMotion correction algorithms; head movement
    2. BMotion correction algorithms; geometric distortion
    3. CField maps; head movement
    4. DField maps; geometric distortion
26. 26In what scenario would one need to complete slice acquisition in an interleaved manner?

    1. AWhen the excitation of a slice is likely to have some effects on neighbouring slices
    2. BWhen the field of view for fMRI includes tissue outside the brain and regions outside the head
    3. CWhen BOLD signal intensities drift unpredictably at low intensities across the fMRI scan
    4. DWhen multiple functional scanning runs from multiple participants are needed
27. 27Which fMRI pre-processing step involves blurring an image based upon the values of its neighbouring voxels?

    1. ASpatial smoothing
    2. BRegistration procedures
    3. CGaussian blurring
    4. DIndex of alignment
28. 28Which of the following changes does spatial smoothing have on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of an image?

    1. AIncreases the SNR by 50%
    2. BIncreases the SNR by 25%
    3. CDecreases the SNR by 50%
    4. DDecreases the SNR by 25%
29. 29What does E*(t) represent in the general linear model?

    1. AUnexplained error
    2. BParameter estimate
    3. CExpectation of the signal change
    4. DBaseline level of signal
30. 30Which of the following is an inaccurate model of the expected BOLD changes?

    1. AGaussian function
    2. BGamma function
    3. CDouble gamma function
    4. DBox car wave
31. 31What information can the parameter estimate provide us with?

    1. AThe amount of unexplained variance
    2. BGoodness of fit between the data and the chosen model
    3. CConverts individual scores into a standard form with a mean of 0 and a SD of 1
    4. DTells us what our z threshold should be
32. 32I am completing an experiment where my participants have to tap their fingers when they hear music and tap their toes when they hear conversation. However, my friend who I am doing the experiment with has told me that we are experiencing rank deficiency. What does this mean?

    1. ABoth tapping toes and tapping fingers have the exact same onsets and offsets, meaning that it is not possible to tell what brain regions are responsible for toes vs fingers.
    2. BWe are able to predict levels of signal change when people tap their toes, but not when people tap their fingers
    3. CWe are able to predict levels of signal change when people tap their fingers, but not when people tap their toes
    4. DThere is a mistake in the experimental design and we need to undergo prewhitening to be able to draw any inferences from the data
33. 33Which of the following defines a negative interaction in the context of interaction designs?

    1. AWhen there is a decrease in response in the presence of two EVs that wouldn't be expected when in isolation
    2. BWhen there is an increase in response in the presence of the two EVs that wouldn't be expected when in isolation
    3. CWhen there is a decrease in response in isolation of the two EVs that wouldn't be expected when presented concurrently
    4. DWhen there is an increase in response in isolation of the two EVs that wouldn't be expected when presented concurrently
34. 34Jamie is conducting an experiment whereby he gets patients who have suffered stroke to fake a head tremor, and then gets them to subsequently experience a real head tremor. Jamie hopes to be able to identify regions of the brain that are activated in response to real head tremors and see if these differ to a fake head tremor. Which of the following is an issue with Jamie's design?

    1. AAs the EV is tightly correlated with head movement, he cannot separate head movement-related noise from task-related activation
    2. BIt is unethical to use stroke patients in tasks where they could be subject to injury; allowing stroke patients to fake a head tremor could result in serious head trauma
    3. CThere is nothing wrong with Jamie's experimental design, as long as he completes the appropriate pre-processing steps he should be fine.
    4. DJamie's design lacks a control group, so he will be unable to compare his results to a baseline
35. 35Which of the following is not an input from participants for group analyses of fMRI images?

    1. ACOPES
    2. BVARCOPES
    3. CDegrees of freedom
    4. DSingle data points
36. 36Roald is conducting an experiment using group designs and finds that the effect sizes for the task of all the participants are in the positive territory. What conclusion can he make from this?

    1. ARoald can make no conclusions from this as group designs have to be analysed further to yield meaningful responses
    2. BThere is a likelihood that there is an increase in signal change during the event, and that the alternate hypothesis is true
    3. CThere no evidence for substantiated activation from the voxels these estimates are derived from
    4. DThere is a likelihood that there is a decrease in signal change during the event, and that the null hypothesis is true
37. 37What is the correct application of the fixed effect or group mean effect for a small sample of participants?

    1. AIt can assess group activation within that small group
    2. BIt can assess activation within the small groups and for other experiments that use similar experimental designs
    3. CIt can be made representative of the wider population
    4. DIt estimates the mean across the population
38. 38What risk is especially high when making decisions about fMRI activation?

    1. AFalse positive
    2. BFalse negative
    3. CTrue positive
    4. DTrue negative
39. 39What do fMRI researchers do to overcome the low power issue of fMRI?

    1. AApply bonferroni corrections
    2. BUse an inclusion threshold
    3. CUse a cluster threshold
    4. DUse both an inclusion threshold and a cluster threshold
40. 40Rosie has decided she will complete a basic approach to non-parametric permutation testing for her experiment. What does this entail?

    1. ARosie will re-label her data to create many unique arrangements in addition to the order of the actual experiment, such as changing the order of measures and number of participants, and then calculate statistics for each of these arrangements and compare this to the actual experimental statistics
    2. BRosie will calculate a t-statistic for her fMRI and use spatially smoothed variance estimates to take account of spatial correlation
    3. CRosie will perform voxel-wide statistical tests and then create a distribution of maximum statistics of all voxels in a volume
    4. DRosie will apply a predetermined threshold to each permuted volume in her data to determine the size of the largest cluster, the distribution of the largest cluster sizes will indicate the probability of observed clusters for the actual experimental order of data

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Quiz sobre RAD3004, criado por Rachael Martin em 02-10-2020.

Autor

Rachael Martin

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