Quiz
Developmental Genetics
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Perguntas do quiz (28)
1As z zygote differentiates it begins to lose potency:
1 - [blank_start]Totipotent[blank_end]
2 - [blank_start]Pluripotent[blank_end]
3- [blank_start]Multipotent[blank_end]
4 - [blank_start]Oligopotent[blank_end]
5 - [blank_start]Unipotent.[blank_end]- ATotipotent
- BPluripotent
- CMultipotent
- DOligopotent
- EUnipotent
2If a cell is unipotent and given a signal to change its fate it can change as only [blank_start]specification[blank_end] commitment has occured, if [blank_start]determination[blank_end] commitment had occured it cannot be changed.
- Aspecification
- Bdetermination
3[blank_start]Germ plasm[blank_end] Theory states that only germ cells require genes to become germ cells, these genes can be lost in all somatic cells. Chromosome [blank_start]diminution[blank_end] where fully chromosomes are only inherited in germ cells, occurs in nematode.
- AGerm plasm
- Bdiminution
4If half a frog embroyo is killed with a hot needle only half of the embroyo will develop this shows [blank_start]regulative[blank_end] development.
- Aregulative
5If cell removed and placed in a new position before undergoing determination commitment, it changes showing fate depends on [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] factors, this is [blank_start]conditional[blank_end] specification.
- Aenvironmental
- Bconditional
6Differential gene expression was discovered in [blank_start]polytene[blank_end] chromosomes at 'puffs' where DNA is unravelled allowing RNA [blank_start]transcription[blank_end].
- Apolytene
- Btranscription
7[blank_start]Epigenetic[blank_end] mechanisms control expression of transcription initiation.
- AEpigenetic
8What are the 3 postulates of how gene expression is controlled?
- AAll somatic cells have same complete nucleus
- BAll germ cells have same complete nucleus
- CUnused genes are destroyed
- DUnused genes are mutated
- EUnused genes are turned on and off
- FAll the genome is expressed
- GOnly small amount of genome is expressed.
9[blank_start]RNA[blank_end] hybridisation detects presence of [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] in a cell. Pores are made in the embryo and a specific probe for a certain RNA enters in through the pores. A secondary antibody with an [blank_start]enzyme[blank_end] conjugated to it is added, this binds to the probe and causes a colour change.
- ARNA
- BmRNA
- Cenzyme
10IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
An [blank_start]antibody[blank_end] specific to binding to an extracellular receptor is added, then a secondary antibody with [blank_start]enzyme[blank_end] binds to the primary antibody. When the substrate is added colour change to [blank_start]brown[blank_end].- Aantibody
- Benzyme
- Cbrown
11Euchromatin
- ALightly packed accessible DNA
- BTightly packed inaccessible DNA
12Heterochromatin
- ATightly packed inaccessible DNA
- BLightly packed accessible DNA
13DNA is bound to [blank_start]histones[blank_end] which bind together to create a [blank_start]nucleosome[blank_end], which are wound to [blank_start]solenoids[blank_end] (stabilised by [blank_start]H1[blank_end]), this is the default state of DNA and genes encoded are wrapped around [blank_start]chromatin[blank_end].
- Ahistones
- Bnucleosome
- Csolenoids
- DH1
- Echromatin
14Cis regulatory elements...
- APromotor, Enhancer and Silencer
- BRNA Polymerase, Transcription Factors and Transcription co-regulators
15Trans regulatory elements are
- ARNA Polymerase, Transcription Factors and Transcription co-regulators
- BPromotor, Enhancer and Silencer
16Transcription occurs at the [blank_start]promotor[blank_end], often [blank_start]transcription[blank_end] factors are required to aid binding of RNA polymerase but often this is not sufficent. The transcribe is created and modified to have [blank_start]CAP[blank_end] and [blank_start]PolyA[blank_end] tail, then [blank_start]splicosome[blank_end] splices the material so it becomes mRNA. The mRNA is exported out of nucleus and ribosome starts translation at [blank_start]ATG[blank_end] region. If RNA polymerase is unable to bind [blank_start]enhancers[blank_end] bind transcription factors this can occur before, after or during, gene [blank_start]polymerase[blank_end] binding.
- Apromotor
- Btranscription
- CCAP
- DPolyA
- Esplicosome
- FATG
- Genhancers
- Hpolymerase
17The [blank_start]DNA binding[blank_end] domain of transcription factors allows them to bind to DNA, they also contain a [blank_start]protein interaction[blank_end] domain in order to bind to other transcription factors. The transcription factor is able to influence the promotor by binding to [blank_start]enhancer[blank_end] and causing a loop to for between promotor and enhancer, allowing a complex to form. Creates a [blank_start]mediator[blank_end] complex which mediated transcription factors and [blank_start]RNA[blank_end] polymerase 2 as well as promoting transcription initiation and [blank_start]elongation[blank_end].
- ADNA binding
- Bprotein interaction
- Cenhancer
- Dmediator
- ERNA
- Felongation
18In the globin gene [blank_start]ldb1[blank_end] mediated the looping of DNA but this only occurs when [blank_start]GATA-1[blank_end] binds to promotor and enhancer.
- Aldb1
- BGATA-1
19In some genes loop formation is mediated by [blank_start]cohesions[blank_end].
- Acohesions
20[blank_start]Transcription factors[blank_end] are able to make genes more accessible. Condensed DNA contains a negatively marked [blank_start]H3[blank_end] due to [blank_start]methylation[blank_end] of a lyesine alongside this it ha a long tail. The negative marking attract [blank_start]heterochromatin[blank_end] making the DNA condensed.
- ATranscription factors
- BH3
- Cmethylation
- Dheterochromatin
21[blank_start]HP1[blank_end] causes incorporation of linker histones which make DNA inaccessible.
- AHP1
22Transcription Factors can make genes more accessible by...
- ARemoving linker histones
- BAdding linker histones
- CAdding histones which destabilise nucleosomes.
- DChromatin remodelling enzymes
- EMethylating DNA
- FDemethylating DNA
- GApplying positive mark to H3
23[blank_start]Acetylation[blank_end] of Lys, [blank_start]phosphorylation[blank_end] of Ser/Thr and [blank_start]Methylation[blank_end] of Lys.
- AAcetylation
- Bphosphorylation
- CMethylation
24A silencer binds to [blank_start]transcription factors[blank_end] and recruits enzymes that remove the [blank_start]positive[blank_end] marks by [blank_start]methylation[blank_end] making negative marks. This makes the gene tightly [blank_start]condensed[blank_end] and the gene is not transcribed.
- Atranscription factors
- Bpositive
- Cmethylation
- Dcondensed
25Insulators determine the [blank_start]promotor[blank_end] and enhancer interacts with by coding form CTCF a transcription [blank_start]repressor[blank_end], it binds to cohesions and forms a [blank_start]chromatin[blank_end] loop, if between promotor and enhancer it [blank_start]stops[blank_end] binding.
- Apromotor
- Brepressor
- Cchromatin
- Dstops
26Demethylation is done by [blank_start]Tet[blank_end] genes, it oxidises the [blank_start]methyl[blank_end] mark to [blank_start]Hydroxy[blank_end] then aldehyde then [blank_start]carboxyl[blank_end] and then a second enzyme returns to [blank_start]cysteine[blank_end].
- ATet
- Bmethyl
- CHydroxy
- Dcarboxyl
- Ecysteine
27[blank_start]Dnmt3[blank_end] is attracted by [blank_start]negative[blank_end] histones, the enzyme methylates [blank_start]cyestine[blank_end] at CpG sites (Cysteine followed by a Guanine). If present in the promotor is prevents promotor binding.
- ADnmt3
- Bnegative
- Ccyestine
28The epigenetic landscape shows as a cell [blank_start]loses[blank_end] potency it moves down hill and determines [blank_start]fate[blank_end].
- Aloses
- Bfate
Informações
- Descrição
- Developmental Biology
- Autor
- jessicabeckett84
- Idioma
- English
- Visualizações
- 51
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