Flashcards
Practice Oral Questions
Flashcards do conjunto (148)
- 1What is the filament of the cathode made of and why?Thoriated Tungsten - because it provides for higher thermionic emission than other metals
- 2Why is the focusing cup of the cathode negatively charged?So that it electrostatic ally confines the electron beam to a small area of the anode
- 3What 3 functions does the anode perfume in an x-ray tube?1. It is an electrical conductor
2. It provides mechanical support for the target
3. It acts as a good thermal radiator - 4Why is the disc or a rotating anode made of tungsten alloyed with rhenium, as opposed to being made solely of tungsten?Because it gives the disc added mechanical strength to withstand the stresses of high-speed rotation
- 5What are the 2 principal components of an induction motor?Stator windings
Rotor - 6Define 'image matrix' and 'pixel'Image matrix - a layout of cells in rows and columns
Pixel - each separate cell of an image matrix is a picture element/pixel - 7State the function of an image intensifier tubeIt converts the pattern of the x-ray beam into a bright, visible light image
- 8What is the envelope of the X-ray tube made of?Glass or metal
- 9What is the target of a stationary anode made of?Tungsten alloy metal
- 10If you were to alter the target angle, what else would you be altering?The size of the effective focal spot
- 11Define fluorescenceLight emission starts when the exciting radiation starts and stops when the exciting radiation stops
- 12What two effects comprise luminescence?Phosphorescence
Luminescence - 13Define quantum mottleis defined as the variation in density of a uniformly exposed radiograph that results from the random spatial distribution of the x-ray quanta absorbed in the screen. It is obvious when quantity (amount) of x-ray photon are less/low mAs
- 14Define radiographic noiseProduced by the random interaction of x-rays with an intensifying screen. This effect is more noticeable when very high kVp is used
- 15Define the term 'latent image'the image produced on the film after exposure but prior to development
- 16Name two advantages to automatic processing over manual processingTime - more films processed per hour
Lower water consumption
Reduce film wastage
Space saving - 17What does DICOM stand for and what is it?Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine
It is the standard for image transmission - 18Are CR plates more sensitive to scatter radiation than film/screen combinations?yes
- 19What is the structure of a CR imaging plate?Protective layer
Phosphor layer
Light reflection layer
Conductive layer
Support
Light shielding layer
Backing layer / barcode label - 20What are 3 advantages to CR and PACS?rapid image access
rapid film filing and retrieval
Post processing image manipulation
Reduction of storage space required
Ability to view the same image at 2 different sites simultaneously - 21Electrons are released during the exposure, where are they held and for how long are the held there?Excited electrons are trapped in the F centres
They can be held there for days - 22What happens to the electron when the laser strikes the phosphor?They are released from the traps and emit light
- 23What are 5 pieces of accessory equipment you might find in any x-ray room?Chairs, grids, pen and paper, sandbags, NOPs, weights, steps, sellotape, pillows, filters
- 24What is the purpose of a grid?to reduce the amount of scatter radiation that reaches the IR in order to improve image contrast
- 25Define 'grid ratio'The height of the strips divided by the width of the interspace material
Grid ratio = h/d - 26Define grid frequencyThe number of grid lines per cm
- 27What are 4 types of grids?parallel
focused
moving
cross hatched - 28Name the material used for the grid lineslead
- 29Name the material used for the interspace in a gridAluminium
Carbon fibre
Plastic fibre - 30Name 1 major disadvantage that accompanies the use of a gridincreased patient dose
- 31What advantage do moving grids have over stationary grids?the grid lines are blurred out
- 32Name 3 main methods of x-ray tube supportCeiling support system
Floor to ceiling support system
C arm support system - 33What is the function of the protective housing of the x-ray tube?To guard against excessive radiation exposure and electrical shock
To provide mechanical support for the tube and protect the tube from damage due to rough handling - 34What are the two primary parts to the cathode?filament
focusing cup - 35Is the cathode the positive or negative side of the x-ray tube?negative
- 36Name five parts that make up an x-ray tubeProtective housing, envelope, cathode, anode, filament, induction motor, focussing cup, target, anode stem, bearings
- 37What are the 3 methods by which the x-ray tube / anode cools?Convection
Conduction
Radiation - 38Why is the filament considered to be a thermionic device?Cause it emits electrons when it is heated
- 39For what 3 reasons is tungsten the material of choice for the target?High atomic number
Thermal conductivity nearly equal to copper
High melting point - 40What 2 things does a rotating anode permit?Higher tube currents
Shorter exposure times - 41What is the target?the area of the anode struck by the electron from the cathode
- 42What are age 3 main sections of the x-ray imaging system?x-ray tube
operating console
high voltage generator - 43Name 2 pieces of accessory equipment you should find in the mobile machineslead
lead gowns
exposure chart
NOP
cushioned cassette holder - 44What are the 3 basic radiation protection principles?Justification (of the practice)
Optimisation (of protection)
Limitation (of individual dose risk) - 45What is justification?No practice shall be adopted unless its introduction produces a positive net benefit to the exposed individual or to society
- 46What is optimisation?In relation to a particular practice, the magnitude of individual doses, the number of people exposed and the likelihood of incurring exposure shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken in account
- 47What is limitation?The risks either from a dose or a potential dose to a class of individuals shall not exceed the limits set for that class
- 48What is the effective dose limit for radiation personnel?An effective dose of 20mSv per year averaged over any 5 year period and 50mSv in any one year
- 49What are the equivalent dose limits for radiation personnel?500 mSv to the skin in any 1 year
150mSv to the lens of either eye in any 1 year
500mSv to the hands and feet in any 1 year - 50What is the dose limit for women who declare themselves pregnant?1mSv at the surface of the abdomen for the remainder of the pregnancy
- 51What are the equivalent dose limits for non-radiation personnel?50 mSv to the skin in any 1 year
15mSv to the lens of either eye in any 1 year
50mSv to the hands and feet in any 1 year - 52What is the effective dose limit for non-radiation personnel?An effective dose of 1mSv in any one year
- 53Describe radiation personnelpeople who are employed are an x-ray facility whose work directly and centrally involves the use of x-rays
- 54Describe non-radiation personnelpeople who are employed at an x-ray facility but whose work does not directly and centrally involve the use of x-rays e.g: reception staff, nurses
- 55Describe an equivalent doseis the absorbed dose averaged over that tissue or organ and weighted for the radiation quality of interest
- 56Describe an effective doseis the weighted equivalent dose in all the tissues and organs in the body
- 57You are x-raying a little kid who won't stay still and the mother is pregnant. Who do you get to hold the child?Not an MRT, reception staff, nurse or orderly or another family member if present
- 58If you are on mobiles, do you really need to wear a lead gown or could you just rely on the distance principle?Yes you do need to wear a gown, both CSP5 and Wellington Hospital protocols state to do so
- 59For persons performing general radiography, where should their radiation badge be worn?On their trunk between chest and waist level
- 60What are 3 ways to minimise the need for repeats as stated by CSP5?ensuring all radiation personnel are appropriately qualified
Ensuring all equipment complies with the code of safe practice
Ensuring all equipment and facilities are part of a QA programme - 61What are 5 ways of minimising patient dose as stated by CSP 5?Collimate beam tightly
Use additional filtration where possible
Use highest kVp possible
Fastest film/screen combo
Longest FFD practicable
Antiscatter grids only when necessary
Gonad shielding where practicable
Number of views in exam kept low
Film processors monitored in QA prog
Observe pt during exposure - 62Why is stricter justification of paediatric x-rays important?Longer life expectancy so greater potential for manifestation of harmful effects of radiation
Less co-operative, breathe faster increasing chance of repeats - 63Your paediatric pelvis pt comes into the room with 6 siblings and a mother at her wits end. She will only get your pt undressed to their nappy & ribbed singlet. What will you tell her to persuade her to remove the nappy?CSP5 states that as clothing and nappies may produce artefacts on the film, especially with young children, all clothing should be removed from the body part to be examined
- 64If your attempts of strapping a screaming child to the bed are not successful, what other method can you try and why is it worthwhile?Try to establish rapport with patient. This is important because although it is time consuming it decreases radiation dose and produces a successful examination
- 65What 3 features shall an LBD have? Briefly describe each one.Accuracy – alignment of light field with x-ray field
Delineation – cross-hairs indicating centre of x-ray beam
Illumination – brightness of the light beam - 66What 2 things can you say about warning lights on the x-ray control panel?Shall be a light on the control panel that is illuminated when machine is ‘on’
Shall be a light illuminated in prep mode
Shall be a light illuminated in exposure mode - 67How thick should a primary barrier be?Shall have a lead equivalence of 2.0 mm
- 68How thick should a secondary barrier be?Should have a lead equivalence of 1.0 mm
- 69Without relying on your e.s.p, what is one way of knowing that: A) a room is used for x-raying patients & B) x-rays are in process?A) Sign on door of room
B) Light above the door outside the room that is illuminated in prep and exposure mode - 70If you were put in charge of making exposure charts for the new x-ray room in your dept, what would you use as a guide to ensure patients were not being over-exposed?Annex 2 of CSP5 sets out quality criteria for the highest dose examination
- 71What do individual dose limits represent?The boundary between unacceptable doses and doses that are tolerable
- 72How much lead shielding should be placed over a pregnant women’s abdo if her foot is being x-rayed?Apron or similar with a lead equivalence of not less than 0.5 mm
- 73What is the permissible focus-skin distance as set by NRL?Focus-skin distance shall not be less than 400 mm and should not be less than 500 mm
- 74What is the minimum permissible FFD for chests and other body part imaging according to CSP5?Chest radiography – FFD should not be less than 150 cm
Remaining x-ray procedures – FFD should not be less than 100 cm - 75If a 17 yr old mum comes in with her 3 month old baby who is having a CXR, can the mother hold her baby if she is definitely not pregnant?No – no young persons under the age of 18 yrs shall do any holding of patients
- 76What are 2 of the 4 early effects of radiation on humans?Acute radiation syndrome
Local tissue damage
Hematologic depression
Cytogenic damage - 77What are 2 of the 5 late effects of radiation on humans?Leukaemia
Other malignant diseases
Shortening of the lifespan
Local tissue damage
Genetic damage - 78What are 3 of the 5 effects of foetal irradiation?Prenatal death
Neonatal death
Congenital malformation
Childhood malignancy
Diminished growth and development - 79What molecule in the human body is primarily radiosensitive?DNA
- 80What are 3 ways of identifying your patient?DOB
Address
Full Name
Another family member
Nurse/Doctor
Bradma on hospital bracelet - 81Explain the 3 cardinal rules with regard to radiation protection?Time – time of exposure to radiation should be as short as possible
Distance – maintain a large distance between source of radiation and exposed person (Inverse square law)
Shielding – Should be shielding where possible between source and exposed person - 82What trimester is considered to be the most radio-sensitive? Why?The first trimester because it is the time when organogenesis is occurring
- 83Would you say that a tape measure on the machine that lets you measure the FFD could be considered as a tool of radiation protection?Yes
- 84In NZ, who monitors the occupational radiation doses of radiation personnel?National Radiation Laboratory (NRL) in Christchurch
- 85Why is it important that film badges are worn the right way round?Because radiation that enters the back of the badge indicates higher exposures since the x-rays would have penetrated through the body before interacting with the film badge
- 86What metal are the filters found inside a film badge generally made of?Aluminium and Copper
- 87Describe a stochastic effect.Effects occur at random and are unrelated to a specific radiation dose. No threshold limit exists. Chance of developing a stochastic effect increases with increasing number of exposures
- 88Describe a non-stochastic/deterministic effect.Effects that can be related to a specific radiation dose. A threshold limit exists, below which the effect will not occur
- 89Give an example of a stochastic and non-stochastic effect.Stochastic – Leukaemia
Non-Stochastic – Erythematic, Sterility, Cataracts, Life shortening, congenital malformations - 90What should the total filtration of the incident primary x-ray beam be?Shall not be less than 2.5 mm Aluminium
- 91Explain your obligations with respect to informed consent.Explain the procedure/examination
Explain possible risks involved/side effects
Should be done in a non-threatening environment - 92True/False: the use of a compensatory filter reduces the dose to the patient?True
- 93Does increasing the kVp increase or decrease the skin dose to the patient?Decreases the skin dose to the patient because the beam will have more penetrating ability and so will be able to pass through the body and not be absorbed by the skin
- 94What function related to CR has the ability to decrease the patient dose?The post-process function
- 95What ‘bad habit’ is important to monitor with CR as it may increase the dose to the patients?Exposure Creep
- 96Bones can be classified into what 4 categories?Long
Short
Flat
Irregular - 97Give 2 examples of a short bone and 2 examples of a long bone?Short – Carpal bones, Tarsal bones
Long – Humerus, Femur - 98How much movement would you expect from a synarthrodial (fibrous)joint?eg. skull suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
None – it’s an immovable joint. - 99How much movement would you expect from an amphiarthrodial (cartilaginous) joint?eg. pubic symphsis, interveteral disc
Very little – the joint has limited movement. - 100How much movement would you expect from a diarthrodial (synovial) joint?eg. ball&socek ,hinge bursa and tendon sheaths
Lots – a freely moveable joint. - 101Define ‘arthrology’The study of joints or articulations
- 102What level does the vertebra prominens landmark correspond with?C7/T1
- 103What landmark could be used to locate the stomach, gallbladder or upper abdo?Xiphoid process of sternum
- 104What level does the inferior costal margin landmark correspond with?Stomach, Gallbladder, ribs
- 105What is the difference between hyposthenic, hypersthenic and sthenic body habitus?Sthenic - average
Hypersthenic – short and wide
Hyposthenic – tall and thin - 106Radiographic anatomy of the chest is divided up into which 3 sections?Bony thorax
Respiratory system proper
Mediastinum - 107Draw or describe the pathway that air travels from the trachea into each lung.Trachea – carina – Lt and Rt primary bronchus – secondary bronchus – bronchioles – terminal bronchioles – alveoli.
- 108Food and FB’s are more likely to get stuck in which primary bronchus and why?The right because it is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left
- 109How many lobes in the left and right lungs?Left – 2 lobes
Right – 3 lobes - 110What 4 radiographically important structures are located within the mediastinum?Thymus gland
Heart and great vessels
Trachea
Esophagus - 111What are the 4 types of pneumonia?Aspiration
Broncho(staphylococcus bacteria)
Lobar(confine 1 or 2 lobes)
Interstitial (viral inflammation of alvoli) - 112What is a pneumothroax?An accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in partial or complete collapse of that lung and SOB and chest pain
- 113What does RDS stand for and what is it?Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Alveoli and capillaries of the lung are injured or infected resulting in leakage of fluid and blood between/within alveoli result in collapse of the alveoli - density throughout lung in a granular patten “air-bronchogram” - 114Name 3 occupational lung diseases and comment on each.Silicosis – caused by inhaling silicon dust
Anthracosis – caused by inhaling deposits of coal dust
Asbestosis – caused by inhaling asbestos dust - 115What are 3 possible types of pleural effusion?fluid
Empyema – pus
Chylothroax – milky fluid(lymph)
Haemothroax – blood - 116What is a pleural effusion?A condition of abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity
400 mL of fluid must be present before a pleural effusion will be seen on plain films - 117What is pneumonia?An inflammation of the lungs resulting in accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lungs
- 118What is chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease COPD and what other abbreviations can be used to describe it?A from of persistent obstruction of airway as caused by emphysema or bronchitis. Smoking is the main cause.
COAD, CORD, COPD, CORD - 119List 5 pathologies that might be seen on a CXR. LVF failure Pneumothorax Pleural effusion Dextra Cardia Pneumonia Pulmonary oedema Atelectesis Pleurisy Bronchitis Emphysema COPD TBLVF failure, Pneumothorax, Pleural effusion, Dextra Cardia, Pneumonia, Pulmonary oedema, Atelectesis, Pleurisy, Bronchitis, Emphysema, COPD, TB
- 120What is haemoptysis?Coughing up blood
- 121What are the 3 parts that constitute the small bowel?Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum - 122Draw the large bowel to show:Caecum
Ascending colon
Hepatic Flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic Flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon - 123Name 3 accessory organs of digestion located in the abdomen.Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder - 124What structures make up the urinary system?Bladder
Ureters x2
Urethra
Kidneys x2 - 125What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?RUQ
RLQ
LLQ
LUQ - 126What is ascites?Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
- 127What is a pneumoperitoneum?Refers to gas or air within the peritoneal cavity
- 128What is intersussception?The telescoping of a section of the bowel into another loop
- 129What is a volvulus?The twisting of a loop of intestine, creating an obstruction
- 130Name the carpal bones?Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium - 131What are the 4 indicators of OA?Subchondral cysts
Decreased joint spaces
Osteophytic lipping
Sclerotic (hardening) margins - 132Name the tarsal bones?Navicular
Talus
Cuboid
1st cuneiform
2nd cuneiform
3rd cuneiform
Calcaneus - 133True/False: the fibular is a weight-bearing bone?False
- 134Name the type of osteochondritis that is related to an avulsion # of the tibial tuberosity?Osgood Schlatters
- 135Name the 3 parts to the pelvis.Ilium
Ischium
Pubis - 136List the 3 differences between a female and male pelvis.Male – narrow and deep general shape
Acute angle of pubic arch
Heart shaped pelvic inlet
Female – shallow & wide general shape
Obtuse angle of pubic arch
Round shaped pelvic inlet - 137What 2 pathologies does shenton’s line help to diagnose?#
DDH
SUFE - 138What does SUFE stand for?Slipped upper femoral epiphysis
- 139What are the 3 parts to the vertebral column?Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar - 140What is lordosis?The increased swayback curvature of the spine
- 141Draw the 9 abdomen quadrantsR. & L. hypochondriac
R. & L. lumbar
R. & L. inguinal
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Pubic - 142What is kyphosis?Abnormal or exaggerated thoracic humpback curvature with increased convexity
- 143What is scoliosis?Abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature
- 144What is spondylitis?Inflammation of the vertebrae
- 145What is ankylosing spondylitis?Systemic illness involving the spine and larger joints. Results in pain and stiffness as a result of inflammation, calcification and ossification of the spinal joints. AKA bamboo spine.
- 146Describe spondylolisthesis.Forward slipping of one vertebrae over another due to defect of pars interarticularis. Usually at L5/S1 junction.
- 147What is spina bifida?A congenital condition in which the posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to develop, exposing part of the spinal cord.
- 148What is osteomyelitis?A localised infection of bone/bone marrow. The infection may be caused by bacteria from a penetrating trauma, post-op surgery or # complications.
Informações
- Descrição
- equipment, radiation safety, anatomy and pathology
- Criado por
- Rebecca Jones
- Visualizações
- 30
- Avaliação