Flashcards
Other poisons
Flashcards do conjunto (36)
- 1What is adder venom and what does it do?Venom is a complex mixture of proteins that cause release of pharmacologically active substances such as histamine, serotonin, bradykinin and prostaglandins.
- 2Where is the site of effect of adder venom?It also has direct effects on heart, blood vessels, and release of cytolytic and haemolytic factors. Causes local tissue destruction and is thrombogenic/coagulopathic
- 3What are the clinical signs of an adder bite?Rapid onset (usually <2h). Swelling at wound and local tissues, tissue necrosis, lethargy -> collapse, hypotension, pain, hypersalivation, vomiting, coagulopathy
- 4How can you diagnose an adder bite?History, physical examination, bite marks
- 5What is the treatment for adder bites?- Leave the dog still and quiet if possible.
- Immobilise the affected limb and do NOT interfere with the bite site.
- Consider specific antivenom at earliest opportunity, especially if bite on muzzle or face.
- Supportive treatment (IVFT, anti-emetics as necessary), antihistamines if swelling severe (avoid steroids), analgesia, antibiotics (if evidence of infection). - 6What contains ethylene glycol?Contained in antifreeze, screen washes, brake fluid, inks and coolants
- 7What do ethylene glycol fluids taste like?Clear fluid with a sweet taste
- 8What is the effect of ethylene glycol?Alchohol dehydrogenase converts it into toxic metabolites which cause renal damage and hypocalcemia.
- 9What are the toxic doses of ethylene glycol?Toxic dose 1.4ml/kg in cats, 4-6ml/kg in dogs
- 10What are the clinical signs of ethylene glycol poisoning?o Stage 1 (30mins-12h) CNS signs (ataxia, weakness, seizures) and vomiting; acidosis and hypocalcemia
o Stage 2 (12-24h) Cardiopulmonary signs (tachycardia, tachypnoea, pulmonary oedema) -> coma, seizures
o Stage 3 (24-73h) Renal signs with oliguria/anuria, azotaemia and renal failure - 11How can you diagnose ethylene glycol poisoning?History, clinical signs, oxalate crystals in urine, high anion-gap metabolic acidosis
- 12How can you treat ethylene glycol poisoning?- GID if presents within 1-2h of ingestion
- Ethanol is specific antidote (competes for activity of alcohol dehydrogenase) and should be given ASAP but NOT if already in renal failure.
- Fomepizole (competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase) can be used but is expensive and not widely available.
- Provide supportive care and monitor renal function, electrolytes and acid-base status.
- Treat for acute renal failure if necessary.
- Prognosis poor once renal failure established. - 13What are the most common batteries to cause toxicity?Miniature cell (button batteries), AA or AAA batteries
- 14Why can batteries cause toxicity?Contain strong acids or alkalis and have significant metal content
- 15What do batteries cause?Burns (caustic and due to electrical discharge) can occur if one becomes lodged (particularly in oesophagus); rarely systemic metal poisoning (especially mercury)
- Most pass uneventfully - 16What are the clinical signs with battery poisoning?Severe burns to mouth, throat and stomach, possibly causing dyspnoea and dysphagia
- 17How can you diagnose battery toxicity?History, physical examination, radiography
- 18What is the treatment for battery toxicity?Identify battery type and code and contact VPIS for advice. Supportive care and surgical/endoscopic removal may be required
- 19Where are vitamin D analogues used?In rodenticides and psoriasis creams
- 20What do vitamin D analogues cause?Hypercalcaemia leading to CNS and GI signs, and PUPD, with soft tissue calcification eventually resulting in renal failure
- 21What is the treatment for vitamin D analogues?GID, 0.9% NaCl, frusemide, corticosteroids, gastroprotectants, possibly calcitonin or bisphosphonates
- 22What is paraquat/diquat?Herbicides no longer in common use
- 23What are the clinical signs with paraquat/diquat?Initial clinical signs include mucosal irritation, vomiting and ataxia. Renal failure often occurs. Paraquat causes pulmonary oedema, leading to lung fibrosis and respiratory failure
- 24What is the treatment for paraquat/diquat?GID with Fuller’s earth or bentonite (clay that binds toxins); give AC if clays not available. Supportive and symptomatic treatment. Poor prognosis
- 25What is salbutamol?Beta agonist contained in many asthma preparations
- 26What are the clinical signs with salbutamol?(within 4 hours) include tachycardia, agitation, incoordination, hyperpnoea.
- 27What is the treatment for salbutamol?GID and AC (not required if inhaler punctured). Check electrolytes; supplement potassium if necessary. Beta-blocker e.g. propanolol, atenolol may be required if tachycardia severe. Prognosis generally good.
- 28What is xylitol and what does it cause?An artificial sweetener which is toxic to dogs, causing massive insulin release and hypoglycaemia. Also hepatotoxic and can cause coagulopathy
- 29What is the treatment for xylitol?Aggressive treatment required: GID, AC, monitor blood glucose, supplement where appropriate. Monitor liver function. Prognosis fair if hypoglycaemia controlled; poor if liver failure present
- 30What are Mycotoxins (fungal toxins) and what do they cause?- Aflatoxins are produced by aspergillus spp and can cause liver failure in dogs.
- Penitrum A and roquefortine (tremorgenic toxins) are produced by some Penicillium spp and affect he CNS causing tremors following ingestion of mouldy food.
- Blue-green algae can “bloom” in fresh or salt water and are ingested with water casuing hpatic necrosis, muscarinic receptor stimulation (DUMBELS – diarrhoea, urination, miosis, bronchospasm, emesis, lacrimation, salivation), neurological signs. - 31What is the treatment for Mycotoxins (fungal toxins)?Supportive with treatment of seizures/tremors, and atropine given for muscarinic signs.
- 32What are Cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides – organophosphates and carbamates and what do they cause?Overstimulation of nicotinic (muscle stimulation followed by depolarizing blockade) and muscarinic (DUMBELS) receptors
- 33What is the treatment for Cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides – organophosphates and carbamates?GID, AC, atropine (given before GID if symptomatic), pralidoxime hydrochloride (2-PAM - reverses enzyme inhibition and prevent irreversible binding of cholinesterase following OP exposure).
- 34When does illegal drug toxicity need to be considered?Any animal with acute neurological signs
- 35What is the issue with illegal drug toxicity?Owners won't be forthcoming with information
- 36How do you treat illegal drug toxicity?GID, symptomatic treatment, naloxone for opioid toxicities, chlorpromazine may antagonise many effects of cocaine and amphetamines
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- Cross systems clinical veterinary science - CVS1 (SA poisoned patient - Sheena Warman) FlashCards sobre Other poisons, criado por Rachael Jones em 07-02-2018.
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- Rachael Jones
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