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Untitled

cmc8101 Inglês 46 flashcards

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  1. 1When does the cell cycle startImmediatley after a new cell is formed
  2. 2How long is a cell in interphase90 percent of its life
  3. 3What is interphaseStages of growth (Duplicating and getting ready for daughter cells) and development
  4. 4What is mitosisThe actual division of the cell.Never occurs during interphase. The division of the nucleus
  5. 5What is a small portion of the life cycle dedicated toReproducing a new cell in a phase called mitosis
  6. 6What are the phases of interphaseG1, G2, S
  7. 7What are the phases of mitosisProphase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
  8. 8What are the main processes that occur in the life of a non-dividing cell1. Copying genes from Dna to RNA
    2. Synthesis of proteins by the ribosomes
    3. Regulation of nutrients and wastes in a and out of the cell
    4.Chemical reactions in the cytoplasm are regulation metabolism
  9. 9Why is DNA converted to RNADNA cannot leave the nucleus so it is converted to RNA which can take instructions and leave the nucleus to make important molecules.
  10. 10How can you tell a cell is in interphase1. The centrioles are at the top next to each other
    2. The nuclear membrance is fully intact
    3. The nucleolus is visible
    4. DNA is in chromatin version, you CANNOT see the coiled up pieces.
    5. Plasma membrane is there
  11. 11What is G1Rapid growth, manufacturing of required substances like protein, high metabolic activity, immature. Cell grows in size, it performs normal metabolic processes, and synthesizes proteins and some organelles
  12. 12What is sTime of DNA synthesis. 46 chromosomes double to get 92
  13. 13What is G2Cell prepares for division – final production of organelles and cell parts (proteins, organelles, enzymes) needed for mitosis (LAST OPPURTUNITY). The G2 checkpoint makes sure that the DNA replication from the S phase occurred accurately. If not, the cell will undergo apoptosis or if the damage is minor it can be repaired.
  14. 14What are cells like in the beginning of interphaseNew, smaller daughter cells that need time to grow and make organelles, cell membrane, and macromolecules
  15. 15Why does the S phase occurSO when the cell eventually has to go through mitosis, there will be a complete set of genes for each new daughter cell that will be exactly identical, clones
  16. 16How does a cell know when its ready to divide?Once it is too big to effieciently perform osmosis and diffusion of nutrients and wastes.
  17. 17What are cyclinsGeneral name for a group of proteins. CDK enzymes is specific member of this family. Controls and regulates to make sure all signals are being sent and that each process is leading to the next.
  18. 18What are the three checkpointsG1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M Checkpoint(spindle assembly checkpoint)
  19. 19What is the G1 checkpoint looking for in the cellMake sure that each cell has enough parts and that each has a complete genome after mitosis
  20. 20What happens if the G1 checkpoint finds something wrong with the cellThe cell with enter the G0 checkpoint until the damage is repaired. If DNA is beyond repair, cell will go through apoptosis
  21. 21What happens if the cells DNA is okay in G1cell will enter S phase
  22. 22What is G0A secondary growth phase the cell stays in if its DNA is damaged a little. Resting/ waiting phase.
  23. 23What happens if DNA is damaged a lotall the lysosomes burst in a process called apoptosis
  24. 24Why isnt G2 as important as g1G2 does the same thing as G1 but G1 saves time and energy
  25. 25What is M checkpointIf cell doesn’t divide correctly, then there is one more check point before daughter cells head back to G1
  26. 26Why is it a problem if a cell is too bigToo much demand is placed on DNA for copying genes to make proteins to support the cell
    Harder to move enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane at an efficient rate
    The surface area / volume ration is a good indicator
  27. 27How do cells get so big2/3 of the phases are growth so it has time to get big
  28. 28What is surface area vs. volumeAs a cell increases in size, volume increases faster than surface area. Contents inside get bigger first causing the cell to get bigger faster. This causes the ration of surface area to decrease which is a bad thing because too low is inefficient and can’t move stuff in/out of the cell. A low surface area: volume ration corresponds to a larger and less efficient cell. Large cell = small SA/V ration = less efficient cell
  29. 29How do you keep SA/V highBy having folds (mitochondria, chloroplasts, stomach intestines)
  30. 30What things happen in prophaseChromatin condenses into chromosomes
    Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (one at north pole, one at south)
    Nuclear envelope breaks down
    Nucleolus goes out of view
    2 sets of mitotic spindle is growing off of centrioles
  31. 31What is the centromereKinetochore. Binding site where mitotic spindle attaches. Middle of sister chromatids. The center, connecting spot of a chromosome. Region of super condensed chromosome that holds two sister chromatids together
  32. 32What happens during metaphaseChromosomes line up across the center (equator) of the cell. Lined up completely randomly
  33. 33How do the chromosomes end up in the middleIn a completely random process, mitotic spindle attaches at the kinetochore and by attaching there it can grab on to chromosomes and move them around to the middle
  34. 34What is a chromosome rosetteWhen you see from a polar view looking straight down to a cell in metaphase. Structure in which the chromosomes are tied together in a ring during metaphase of mitosis
  35. 35What is a haploidHalf the amount used with sperm and egg (humans have 23)
  36. 36What is a diploidChromosome number (humans have 46). It has a complete set of chromosomes (half from mom and half from dad)
  37. 37What happens during anaphaseChromosomes are pulled apart by mitotic spindle into individual sister chromatids to eventually become their own chromosome. The second set of mitotic spindle is pushing and moving things around which makes the cells start to elongate into an egg-shape. Beginning of cytokinesis
  38. 38What happens in telophaseChromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and start to relax into chromatin
    Nucleolus reappears
    Nuclear membrane reforming around chromosomes
    Spindle breaks down because not needed anymore
    Cytokinesis is occurring
  39. 39Is the cell split in telophase?No, it is just internally returning to the way it was in interphase
  40. 40How do animal cells divideCytoplasm and microfilaments pinches in half. Known as cleavage. Pulls in on itself and creates so much pressure it splits in half
  41. 41How do plant cells divideLay down cell plate to form a new cell wall made of packets of cellulose
  42. 42What is cancerUncontrolled unregulated cell division/ cell cycle
  43. 43What is a tumorGrowth of cells
  44. 44what is metastasisVery serious. Cancer cells enter the blood stream or lymph system and can travel to other parts of the body
  45. 45What are the three ways to treat cancersurgery, drugs, radiation
  46. 46What are the characteristics of cancer1. Plasma membrane and cytoplasm are altered
    2. cells grow and divide abnormally
    3. Weakened capacity for adhesion (can break away and cause new cancers
    4. Lethal unless eradicated
    Our enviornment is causing the issues via pollution.
    6. DNA, also causing mutations

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FlashCards sobre Untitled, criado por cmc8101 em 12-06-2013.
Criado por
cmc8101 · jun 2013
Atualizado
19 fev 2016
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