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Flashcards

Form and Function Digestion

Erin Loogman Organs of Digestion Inglês 68 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (68)

  1. 1what are the 4 underlying mechanisms to diarrhea-altered epithelial cell transport
    -altered structure or permeability of mucosa
    -osmotic diarrhea
    -diarrhea of altered motility
  2. 2why is diarrhea so watery-some types of bacteria attach to the villus epithelial brush border and inject a toxin into the cell - it prevents sodium pump activity at the brush border and promotes excretion (instead of absorption) of sodium from the mature villus epithelial cell
    -water always follows sodium, therefore there is a large influx of water into the lumen
  3. 3what can bacteria do to alter structure or permeability of mucosa-produce toxins that damage and kill cells
    -death of enterocytes allow fluid, blood, and other contents of the villus core to leak into the intestinal lumen - the villus is not as absorptive as some mature enterocytes have been lost
  4. 4what is dysentery- the appearance of blood and shreds of intestinal tissue in the diarrhea - more of this you see the more severe it is
  5. 5what happens to the gut in Johnes diseasethe thickening of mucosa leads to permanent folds. the villi are distorted by a massive influx of macrophages that infect the mucosa
  6. 6What does a lymphoma do to the villus glandsincreases cellularity of the villus core - making them wider and shorter and decreasing their overall surface area
    -this results in a loss of SA for absorption of nutrients
    -if epithelial cells have to stretch too much to cover their altered villus, they flatten and lose their brush border - so lose SA and enzymes of the final stages of digestion
  7. 7what is osmotic diarrhea-lack of specific brush border enzymes results in accumulation of small osmotic solutes in the intestinal lumen. This draws water from the bloodstream into the intestinal lumen. (lactose intolerant people)
  8. 8What is a consequence of hypo motility of the digestive tract-increased microbial load - bacteria overgrown b/c they are not being disturbed, and not excreting as often to remove said bacteria.
  9. 9what is hypermotility of the intestinal tractfrequent faeces expulsion (a result of laxatives or diarrhea)
  10. 10What happens to fat absorption if villi are changed into stumpy and short versions-less efficient diffusion of free fatty acids into the lymph lacteals
  11. 11what drives fluid absorption in the duodenum compared to further along the intestinal tract-duodenum using glucose absorption to fuel water reabsorption. Later one ATP driven sodium pumps allow reabsorption of water through diffusion
  12. 12What is special about the villous tip of intestines-cells migrate to the villus tip and develop absorptive and surface digestive capacities (brush border enzymes and carrier proteins) - these help w/ final digestion of monosaccharides, AA, and peptides - they also absorb sodium and glucose
  13. 13what does the cranial mesenteric artery supplymidgut: SI, caecum, transverse colon
  14. 14What does the caudal mesenteric artery supply-last part of the transverse colon, descending colon
  15. 15what artery is the 4 chambers of the cow stomach supplied by-celiac artery
  16. 16how does Johnes destroy the villi in the intestineit infiltrates into the villi and begins to destroy the intestinal epithelial cells. Because there are not as many cells, to compensate the intestinal cells stretch and becomes shorter and wider. if they have to stretch, they flatten and lose their brush border
  17. 17what is a cobblestone gutin Johnes, the infiltration of bacteria into the mucosal layer causes marked thickening and permanent folds in the mucosal surface
  18. 18What does the ruminant stomach form fromgut tube
  19. 19Why is it important to have a lot of SA in the rumento absorb VFAs faster
    -maintain a neutral pH for microbes to work at
  20. 20what is rumen epithelium made ofstratified squamous epithelium
  21. 21what are the primary movements of the rumenreticulum --> caudoventral --> cranioventral --> caudodorsal --> craniodorsal --> reticulum
  22. 22How is food rechewed in a cow-contractions of the reticulum flood the cardia with food --> food draw into esophagus and mouth by anti-peristaltic contractions --> expansion of thorax and closed upper airways
  23. 23what controls the regurgitation of food-vagus
  24. 24what does the greater omentum not coverthe dorsal sac
  25. 25what are the two phases of contractions of the omasum-phase 1 - ingesta is squeezed into recesses b/w the lamina
    Phase 2 - mass contractions of the omasum
  26. 26Why is the spiral colon flat in a ruminant-the spiral loop is applied to the left side of the mesentary and is flat in form due to its relationship to the right side of the rumen
  27. 27what side is the liver on in a cowright side b/c it is pushed over by the rumen
  28. 28what else is pushed to the right side of the cowright kidney is also pushed over to the left side
  29. 29what is the spleen of a cow likelong and thin, attaches to the left side of the dorsal sac of a rumen
    -leave through a focal hillus not a long hilus like in the horse
  30. 30What is the supraomental recess-sling of omentum that contains the intestinal mass
  31. 31what is the omental bursa-the space b/w the ventral rumen sac and the deep sheet of the greater omentum
  32. 32what is the secondary movement of the rumena wave of contraction that starts caudally and moves cranially -- up to the esophagus to relive gases to prevent bloat - gas sits in the dorsal sac, which is the primary area this contraction moves
  33. 33what do rodents and rabbits do after they pooeat their caecotrophs
  34. 34why do rodents and rabbits eat their caecotrophsneed additional source of B and K vitamins
    -additional protein source
  35. 35what two species have hypodont teethrabbits and horses
  36. 36what is a myomorph and what kind of animal has this-rodents, rats, gerbils, hamsters- only the incisors grow and the cheek/teeth molars are brachydont
  37. 37What are hystricomorphs-both the incisors, pre-molars, and molars grow constantly - Guinea pigs, chinchillas
  38. 38where does a stomach lie in a rabbit and why do you have to be careful during a surgery-lies on the left side
    -large and thin walled, can be ruptured easily due to bloating
    -always contains some food and a small amount of hair and fluids
    -well developed sphincters prevent the rabbit from being able to vomit
  39. 39why can't a rabbit vomitdue to well developed sphincters
  40. 40is the SI large in rabbitsno it is relatively short
  41. 41what occurs in the small intestine of rabbitscarbohydrate and protein digestion
  42. 42what is the sacculus rotundusfound at the end of the ileum
    rich in lymphoid follicles
    -also known as the ileocaecal tonsil
  43. 43what happens in the proximal colon of a rabbit-muscular contractions separate fibrous from non-fibrous food particles
    indigestible fibre is passed to the distal colon
    -digestible fibre goes back into the caecum
  44. 44what is fusus colia highly innervated vascular section of the colon which controls gut motility
  45. 45what happens in the distal colon-indigestible fibre ends up here
    -150 faecal pellets are excreted from here daily
  46. 46what happens in the caecum of a rabbit-fermentation vat
    -fibre is broken down and fermented here
    -converted to some fatty acids, some of which can be absorbed directly
  47. 47what is present at the end of the caecum-a blind ended tube -- vermiform appendix -- contains some lymphoid tissue
  48. 48why do rabbits need indigestible fibreto stimulate gut motility and dental wear
  49. 49what does digestible (smaller particles) do for rabbits-is fermented by GI bacteria to produce fatty acids
  50. 50what is the risk of giving drugs to rabbits and small herbivores-reduction in intestinal bacteria allowing overgrowth of harmful bacteria such as Clostridium and toxins = death
  51. 51what are the two most common problems with rabbits and small rodents-dental disease and GI problems - from owners that are not feeding correctly
    -dental disease == when rate of growth does not equal the rate of wear
  52. 52starting with the stomach, what is the direction of flow of digestastomach --> SI --> caecum --> proximal colon --> distal colon
  53. 53where does the caeum lie in a rabbitslightly to the right along the midline
  54. 54What is the vermiform appendix-contains some lymphoid tissue at the end of the caecum -- is a blind ended sac
  55. 55why are a horses's intestines more mobile-they have a longer mesentery than a dog's
  56. 56why is a horse not able to vomit or eructatewell developed cardiac spincter
  57. 57why is the caecum in the horse so large-all microbes that the horse relies on are in the caecum or the ascending colon - so the horse can break down microbial protein
  58. 58why do horses need such a high level of protein in their diet-b/c they don't reingest their faeces like a rabbit does
  59. 59why do you usually wet horses food before you give it do them?they have a relatively small stomach - wand you don't want the horse to over consume water and overfill their stomach
  60. 60what is the difference b/w secretory zones in a dog and a horse-a horse has a margo plicatus that divides the glandular from aglandular region - unlike the dog - where the entire stomach is glandular
  61. 61why is the stomach of the horse accessible for palpation-b/c it lies completely w/in the coastal arch, b/c of its relatively small size w/in an elongated abdominal cavity
  62. 62what are taeniaesilver bands of smooth muscle in the caecum
  63. 63what are haustrations-it is sacs in the caecum that are formed as a result of taeniae - they are sacs that hold food for longer periods to time to increase digestion time and absorption
  64. 64what shape is the spleen of the horse-more triangular than the dog
  65. 65what shape is the pigs coloncone shaped rather than flat
  66. 66do the colon and ileum have any connections b/w each otherno - digesta goes ileum --> caecum --> colon
    -this is different from the dog b/c there is a direct connection b/w the two -- the digesta can skip the caecum altogether
  67. 67what is the intercolic ligament-a sheet of peritoneum that attaches the two limbs of the ascending colon - they are not attached at all to the body wall
  68. 68why is the ascending colon subject to twisting-b/c it is only attached by the inter colic ligament to one another and is not attached at all to the body wall

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Organs of Digestion FlashCards sobre Form and Function Digestion, criado por Erin Loogman em 30-05-2018.
Criado por
Erin Loogman · mai 2018
Atualizado
1 jun 2018
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