Flashcards
chapter 6 process design
Flashcards do conjunto (19)
- 1Process DesignThe design of services and products and the design of processes are often treated as separate
activities although they are clearly interrelated. The design of processes cannot be done
independently of the services and/or products that they are creating. - 2diagramme of product and service design and their relationship
- 3The whole point of process design isto make sure that the
performance of the process
appropriate for whatever it is trying
to achieve. - 4The design of any process should be judged onits quality, speeds,
dependability, flexibility and cost
performance. - 5Throughput rate (or flow rate)is the rate at which items emerge from the process, i.e. the
number of items passing through the process per unit of time. - 6- Cycle time, or takt time,is the reciprocal of throughput rate – it is the time between items
emerging from the process. The term ‘takt’ time is the same, but is normally applied to
‘paced’ processes like moving belt assembly lines. It is the ‘tempo’ of the working required to
meet demand. - 7-Throughput time is- the average elapsed time taken for inputs to move through
the process and become outputs. - 8- The number of items in the process (work-in-process),as an average over a
period of time. - 9-The utilization of process resources isthe proportion of available time that
resources within the process are performing useful work. - 10For large organizations it is look at standardization of the process design. Standardizationadopting
a common sequence of activities, methods and use of equipment (doing things the same way).
Standardization can have significant advantages but not every process can be standardized. - 11For process design environmental and social issues should also be taken into account. Some fundamental issues:- The sources of input --> scare minerals, child labour
- Quantities and sources of energy --> waste heat recovering
- The amounts and type of waste material --> recycle efficiently, burned or bury
- The life of the product itself --> use of resources between long and short-life
- The end-of-life of the product --> disposal in an environmental friendly way
----->There are complex trade-offs between these factors although there is not always enough information
available. - 12The design of any process should be governed by the volume and variety it is required to produce.
- 13Manufacturing process types:- Project --> A major construction site is a project process. Each ‘item’ (building) is different and
poses different challenges to those running the process (civil engineers)
-Jobbing --> Wood craftsman is using general purpose wood cutting technology to make a
product for an individual costumer. Next product will be different (although maybe similar)
-Batch --> In a kitchen food is prepared in batches. All batches go through the same sequence
but each batch is a different dish.
-Mass --> The automobile plant is a mass process. Each product is almost the same, and made
in large quantities.
-Continuous --> continuous water treatment plant almost never stops and performs only one
task. - 14Service process types:-Professional --> more people-based rather than equipment-based: lawyers, architects, doctors.
-Service --> Banks, car-rental , schools, health clubs.
-Mass --> call centres, retail banks. Using script as process. - 15The product-process matrix-Illustrates the relationship
between a process’s
volume-variety position and
its design characteristics.
-A process lying on the natural diagonal of the matrix will normally have lower operating costs than one
with the same volume-variety position that lies off the diagonal. Processes that are on the right of the
natural diagonal would normally be associated with lower volumes and higher variety. This means that
they are likely to be more flexible. Processes on the left have adopted a position that would normally
be used for higher volume an and lower variety. Processes will be over-standardized and probably
inflexible.
- 16Process design is often done usingsome simple visual approach, such as process mapping -->
describing the process in terms of how the activities within the process relate to each other. - 17Little’s law (theory of queues)Throughput time = work-in-process x cycle time
Cycle time = throughput time / work-in-process - 18Throughput efficiencyPercentage throughput efficiency = work content / throughput time x 100
- 19Variability in a process acts to reduce its efficiency. There are three options for process designers to improve the waiting time or utilization performance of the processes.- Accept the long average waiting times and achieve high utilization (point x);
- Accept low utilization and achieve short average waiting times (point y);
- Reduce the variability in arrival times, activity times, or both and achieve higher utilization
and short waiting times (point z).
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- BPM - Business Process Management FlashCards sobre chapter 6 process design, criado por A K em 15-09-2018.
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- A K
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