Flashcards
Applied Linguistics
Flashcards do conjunto (73)
- 1What is language? According to Ludwig WittgensteinLanguage is a kind of tool that we use to play different games or patterns of intentions.
Language is a public tool for the understanding of private life. - 2How does language work? According to Ludwig WittgensteinLanguage works by triggering (desencadenar) within us pictures of how things are in the world.
- 3What do words enable us to make? According to Ludwig WittgensteinPictures of facts
- 4Why do problems of communication start? According to Ludwig WittgensteinBecause we don't have a clear and accurate enough picture of what we mean in our heads.
- 5What are words? According to Ludwig WittgensteinThey are an instrument of comfort and security game.
- 6What is sign? According to SaussureIt is a two-sided psychological entity.
It is a combination of a concept and a sound-image. - 7SincronicHistory
Inmutability - 8DiacronicExactly moment
Mutability - 9LinguisticIt is the scientific study of language
- 10CompetenceGrammatical device
- 11PerformanceMake your competence in a special way
- 12Morphology(Form)
Morpheme - 13Phonology (Sound)Phoneme
Allophone - 14SyntaxRelationship
- 15SemanticsMeaning
- 16PragmaticsIntention
- 17What is the primary goal of linguists?To understand the nature of Language in general.
- 18What do linguistics study?Nature of language and communication.
*language form
*language meaning
*language use in discursive and communicative contexts
Linguistics deals with the study of particular languages, and the search for general properties common to all languages or large groups of languages (Universal Grammar). - 19What is the difference between sign and symbol?The sign is not arbitrary and the symbol is.
- 20Which are the basic branches of linguistics?3PPPMSS
Pragmatics
Phonology
Phonetics
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax - 21What is Interdisciplinary Linguistics?Interdisciplinary studies involve two or more academic disciplines which are considered distinct. Ex: neurolinguistics
- 22StructuralismSaussure
Book 1917
Theory - 23GenerativismChomsky
Books 1957, 1965
Experience
Deep/Superficial structure
Ideal Speaker - 24PragmaticsAustin, Searle, Dell Hymes
Use
Nowadays - 25Code switchingChange languages automatically
- 26When did applied linguistics begin?It was founded first at the University of Edinburgh School of Applied Linguistics in 1956.
Then at the Center of Applied Linguistics in Washington D.C. in 1957 - 27What is Applied Linguistics?AL is the utilisation of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.
Applied Linguistics is using what we know about (a) language, (b) how it is learned, and (c) how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world - 28Applied Linguistics or linguistics applied?linguistics applied the assumption is that the problem can be reformulated by the direct and unilateral application of concepts and terms deriving from linguistic enquiry itself.
applied linguistics, intervention is crucially a matter of mediation . . . applied linguistics . . . has to relate and reconcile different representations of reality, including that of linguistics without excluding others. - 29Who wrote The Rasa Theory?Bharatmuni
- 30Who developed The Concept of Sublime?Longinus
- 31What is The Rasa Theory?Response to art
It is an inward experience, a state of intense satisfaction in the man of sensibility.
It is the transcendental delightful perception of one’s own nature tinged with the predominant feeling excited with the dramatic display. - 32What is sublime?The echo of a great soul.
It consists in a certain loftiness and excellence of language.
It is the image of greatness of mind.
It influences every reader whether he is willingly or not. - 33What is the audience of the rasa theory?Spectators (sensitive) of a drama.
Ordinary men cannot experience them. - 34Who is the audience of sublime?People who hear an oration.
Men of sense and literary experience.
Ordinary men cannot experience them. - 35What is the effect of the rasa theory and sublime concept?Literature transports the reader out of himself for ecstasy
- 36What are the elements of the rasa theory?Situation effects
*Vibhavas: Causes or the determinants.
*Anubhavas: Visible effects following the rise of emotion.
*Vyabhicaris: Accompanying transitory emotions
Linguistic devices:
*Figures of speech.
*Imagery.
*Four kinds of dramatic representation.
*Dhavani: The element of suggestion. - 37What are the elements of sublime concept?Innate or inborn gifts:
*The grandeour of thought.
*Strong passions.
Products of art:
*Figures of speech.
*Diction.
*Composition. - 38What is the modern version of The Rasa Theory?Objective-correlative by T.S. Eliot
A set of objects, situation, a chain of events, which shall be the formula of that particular emotion, such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked. - 39Is sublimity innate?Not, it can be acquired by instruction.
- 40What are the principal sources of sublimity?1. Grandeur of thoughts.
2. A vigorous and spirited treatment of the passions.
3. A certain artifice in the employment of figures, which are of two kinds, figures of thought and figures of speech.
4. Dignified expression, which is sub-divided into two aspects.
a)The proper choose of words.
b)The use of metaphors and other onrmanents of diction.
5. Majesty and elevation of structure. - 41What are the elements of communciation? According to Jackobson3CMRS
Context
Channel
Code
Message
Receiver
Sender - 42What are the functions of t language? According to JackobsonCode (Metalingual)
Context (Referential)
Channel (Phatic)
Message (Poetic)
Receiver (Conative)
Sender (Emotive) - 43¿En qué consiste la función emotiva?Expresa emociones, sensaciones, estados físicos.
Emisor
Ex: Me duele el estómago - 44¿En qué consiste la función conativa?Incitar o influir a otro para que haga algo.
Receptor
Ex: Ahora, ¡corre! - 45¿En qué consiste la función poética?Alterar el lenguaje cotidiano para provocar un efecto en la forma. Se presenta sobre todo en textos literarios y publicitarios.
Mensaje
Es única, grande y nuestra. - 46¿En qué consiste la función referencial?Representar objetivamente la realidad, informando o exponiendo hechos, conceptos o ideas.
Contexto
Ex: La población chilena supera los 15.000.000 de habitantes. - 47¿En qué consiste la función metalinguística?Referirse al código mismo
Código
¿Qué significa altruista? - 48¿En qué consiste la función fática?Abrir, cerrar y mantener (verificando si se dan las condiciones) la comunicación.
Canal
¡Alo! Me escuchas - 49What is aesthetic enjoyment?The pleasure you get from sensory experience and sensory emotions.
- 50Who are aestheticians?Philosophers who think how and why aesthetic objects have such a hold on us, and what value they serve in our lives.
- 51What is an object of aesthetic appreciation?It is something that prompts valuable aesthetic emotions in us.
- 52How do aestheticians divide objects of aesthetic appreciation?Art objects, which are human-made
Objects of natural beauty - 53Art according to TolstoyAn expression of the ineffable emotions of the person who created it.
- 54Art according to Ludwing WittgensteinThe beauty is simply in the eye of the beholder
- 55Intuitions about artSubjective and objective
- 56Aesthetic tasteAn ability to detect and evaluate the aesthetic properties of an object.
It can be innate or learned over time. - 57ProseRationality/Logic
- 58PoetryGame, love, tendendy to beauty
- 59What is a literary critical analysis?It exaplins a work of ficiton, poetry or drama by means of interpretations.
- 60What is the goal of a literary analysis?It is to broaden and deepen your understanding of a work of literature.
- 61What is an interpretation?It is an individual response that addresses meaning.
- 62Why the error is inherent?Because noise is always present in transmitions.
- 63What are perceptions?Cerebral translations and reconstructions of stimuli.
- 64RationalityAllow us to distinguish dream and walking, real and imaginary, subjective and objetive.
Tries to help us to keep control of the enviroment, the practice, the culture, the other and the cortex. - 65Rationalization+It is closed to other ideas.
+It is based on deduction and induction.
+It believes itself to be rational. - 66Rationality+It is opened
+It enagaged in dialogue
+It is self-critical
+It is not just scientific - 67IdeologySet of belief that people have "world view"
- 68StatismThe principle or policy of concentrating extensive economic, political, and related controls in the state at the cost of individual liberty.
- 69HistoriographicThe other version of the history
- 70DisjunctionSeparate and isolate learning instead of making connections
- 71Types of brainsThe new brain (Analytical)
The mammalian brain (Emotional)
The reptilian brain (instinctive) - 72Homo ComplexusReasoning + Emotions
Able to recognize the reality
Objective + Subjective - 73Sapiens - demensThe human being is not unilateral, he is complex and bipolar