Flashcards
thursday lec
Flashcards do conjunto (65)
- 1The primary divisions of the skeletonaxial and appendicular.
- 2axial skeletonconsists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
- 3appendicular skeletonconsists of the bones of the limbs and limb girdles.
- 4how many vertebrae do we have?33 vertebrae
7 cervical vertebrae in the neck
12 thoracic vertebrae which bear mobile ribs
5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back
5 sacral vertebrae which fuse together to form the sacrum, and attach to the pelvis
3 or 4 coccygeal or caudal vertebrae, which fuse together to form the coccyx (tailbone) - 52 parts of vertebraevertebral body, or centrum
vertebral arch or neural arch - 6vertebral body, or centrumventral, weight-bearing, roughly cylindrical portion.
Adjacent vertebral bodies articulate through intervertebral discs - 7vertebral arch or neural archdorsal portion of the vertebra that encloses the spinal cord and provides attachment sites for muscles and ligaments.
Adjacent vertebral arches articulate at their superior and inferior facet joints, also called zygapophyses - 8The vertebral arch is complex and includes several different parts:Paired pedicles
Paired laminae
A single spinous process
paired superior articular processes and inferior articular processes - 9Paired pediclesconnect the arch to the vertebral body
- 10Paired laminaeconnect the pedicles to the spinous process;
- 11A single spinous processsometimes called the neural spine, on the midsagittal line;
Paired transverse processes that project laterally from the junctions between the pedicles and the laminae; - 12superior articular processesthat project cranially,
at the pedicle/lamina junction - 13paired processesThese articular processes bear the superior and inferior articular facets, or zygapophyses.
- 14inferior articular processesproject caudally.
- 15what is between stacked vertebrae vertebral bodies articulateintervertebral discs (fibrocartilaginous joints)
aloows some motion and buffering pf stress vertebral column takes - 16The vertebral arches articulate atfacet joints, or zygapophyseal joints (synovial joints)
- 17what makes up intervertebral foramen.The inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above,
the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below, - 18how is spinal cord protected?The inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above, and the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below,
- 19how do spinal nerve emerge?The intervertebral foramina of adjacent vertebrae form openings in the lateral wall of the neural canal for the spinal nerves to emerge.
- 20The first cervical vertebra is called theatlas
- 21atlas's superior articular facets articulate withthe occipital condyles of the skull
- 22The skull rests on the atlas at theoccipito-atlantal joint (or cranio-cervical joint)
- 23The skull can rockanteriorly and posteriorly on the atlas (nodding head ‘yes’ motion = flexion/extension).
- 24The atlas lacks a vertebral body. Instead it has ananterior arch and paired lateral masses.
It also lacks a spinous process, and has a small posterior tubercle instead. - 25The second cervical vertebra is calledthe axis
- 26Thoracic vertebrae are specialized toarticulate with mobile ribs
- 27The ribs articulate withcostal facets on both the transverse process and the vertebral body
- 28Most thoracic vertebrae have two pairs of demi-facets, atthe superior and inferior margins of the vertebral body.
- 29Lumbar vertebrae are large and specialized forweight-bearing.
- 30mammillary processeslumbar vertebrae have this next to the superior articular facets, for the attachment of strong back muscles, particularly multifidus.
- 31sacrumtypically formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae (can vary between 4 and 6).
It transmits the weight of the body from the vertebral column to the pelvis. - 32Vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, which have two main components:A gel-like nucleus pulposus, which is the remnant of the embryonic notochord.
An outer annulus fibrosus, which is made of alternating belts of fibrocartilage.
Vertebrae also have end-plates made of hyaline cartilage. - 33intervertebral discs functionsshock absorption
allow motion between vertebrae - 34An anteriorly concave curve is called akyphosis
this is found in the thorax and sacrum. - 35An anteriorly convex curve is alordosis
this is the natural curvature of the neck and lower back. - 36We start out with the entire spinal column in akyphotic curvature – this is also called the primary curvature.
The lordotic or secondary curvatures in the cervical and lumbar spine develop later. - 37The cervical lordosis develops whenbabies start holding their heads up, especially when they begin crawling.
- 38The lumbar lordosis developslater, when babies start to stand and walk.(Not to mention run and jump!)
- 39abnormal or pathological curvaturesHyperkyphosis
Hyperlordosis
Scoliosis - 40Hyperkyphosisproduces a humped or hunched back.
- 41Hyperlordosisproduces a sway-back or saddle-back (so named for the similar condition in old horses).
- 42Scoliosisan abnormal curvature of the spine in the coronal plane, or a twisting of the spine
- 43The vertebrae are held together by ligaments. anterior to posterior.anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamentum flavum
interspinous ligament
supraspinous ligament - 44anterior longitudinal ligament and posterior longitudinal ligamentrun up the anterior and posterior sides of the vertebral bodies. This means that the posterior longitudinal ligament forms the floor of the vertebral canal.
- 45ligamentum flavumextends between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and forms the roof of the vertebral canal
It parallels the posterior longitudinal ligament, but it is not a continuous sheet – it only exists between adjacent vertebrae. - 46interspinous ligamentThe spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae are connected by a vertical web this ligament
- 47supraspinous ligamentruns along the tops of the spinous processes for the whole length of the vertebral column.
- 48In the cervical region, the supraspinous ligament is continuous with theligamentum nuchae or nuchal ligament
connects the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae to the back of the skull. - 49nuchal ligamentan elastic ligament – it has more elastin (a stretchy protein) and less collagen than most other ligaments
- 50nuchal ligament helps byhold our heads up, and it functions as an energy-return system.
When we flex our necks, we load energy into the nuchal ligament by stretching it. - 51Deep Back MusclesSplenius Group
Erector Spinae Group
Transversospinalis Group
Single-Segment Muscles - 52Splenius Group originate fromthe nuchal ligament and spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae.
Splenius capitis muscles - 53Splenius Group 2 musclesSplenius capitis
splenius cervicis - 54Splenius capitismuscles insert on the mastoid processes of the temporal bones and the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone (lateral 1/3).
- 55splenius cervicismuscles insert on the cervical transverse processes.
- 56what do both of these splenisu muscle doextension when both are firing (bilaterally)
rotation and lateral flexion when one is firing(unilaterally).
Innervation is by dorsal rami. - 57Iliocostalisoriginate inferiorly on the sacrum, ilia and ribs,
insert superiorly on the ribs (iliocostalis lumborum and iliocostalis thoracis) and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (iliocostalis cervicis). - 58Longissimusoriginate inferiorly from sacrum and lumbar vertebrae via thoracolumbar fascia,
insert superiorly on ribs (longissimus thoracis), cervical transverse processes (longissimus cervicis), and the mastoid process of the temporal bone (longissimus capitis). - 59Spinalisoriginate on spinous processes in lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae (spinalis thoracis)
insert on spinous processes of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae (spinalis cervicis) - 60main functions of the erector spinae muscles:When the muscles on the left and right sides contract together (bilaterally), the erector spinae muscles extend the vertebral column and head, and keep the back in dynamic tension during flexion.
When the muscles on one side contract unilaterally, they will laterally bend the vertebral column to that side. - 61Interspinalesspan the gap between spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, on either side of the interspinous ligament.
- 62Intertransversariido the same between adjacent transverse processes.
- 63levatores costarumrun from the transverse process of one vertebra to the ribs of the two immediately inferior vertebrae in the thoracic region.
- 64Suboccipital Triangle MusclesDeep to the deep back muscles of the cervical region is a triangle of specialized postural muscles, whose role is largely proprioceptive.
- 65To expose the suboccipital triangle, the following muscles must be reflectedTrapezius
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
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- FlashCards sobre thursday lec, criado por Shylla T em 22-08-2019.
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