Flashcards
Social Problems Exam 1
Flashcards do conjunto (62)
- 1Social ProblemA social condition or pattern of behaviour that is believed to warrant public concern and collective action.
- 2Sociologythe discipline that engages in the systematic study of human society sand social interaction.
- 3SocietyA large number of individuals who share the same territory and are subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
- 4Social problems can be discrepancies betweenideals and achievements, i.e., rights guaranteed by the charter & discrimination
- 5Discriminationactions or practices of dominant group members that have harmful effects on members of subordinate groups.
- 6TheoryA set of logically related statements that attempt to describe, explain, or predict social events.
- 7Perspectivesan overall approach toward a subject.
- 8Functionalist perspectivesSociety is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts that perform functions to keep society stable
- 9Social Disorganizationconditions in society that undermine the ability of traditional institutions to govern behaviour
- 10Values/ Norms- Collective ideas about what is right or wrong.
- Established rules or standards of conduct - 11Conflict PerspectiveGroups in society are engaged in continuing power struggles for control of scarce resources
- 12Value Conflictproblems come from incompatible values; i.e., liberty & inequality or ideal & real culture
- 13Critical-conflictProblems come from contradictions in the organization of societies, e.g., class and gender inequalities under capitalism
- 14Interactionist PerspectiveSociety is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups
- 15Self-fulfilling prophesyA false definition of the situation that evokes a new behaviour that makes the original conception become true, e.g., labelling behaviour as delinquent may cause more delinquent behaviour.
- 16Feminist PerspectiveTheorists should look at differential social phenomena on men and women, and emphasize power relationships
- 17Realist/ EssentialistBased on the view that an external world exists separate from the way we represent it
- 18Social Changealteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time (e.g., women's rights)
- 19Micro-levelFocuses on how individuals operate within small groups to solve problems
- 20Mid-rangeFocus on how secondary groups and formal organizations deal with problems, e.g., drug addiction
- 21Social Movementan organized group that acts collectively to promote or resist change
- 22Grassroots groupsStarted by people with a problem in their territory, sometimes grow to social movements
- 23Macro-levelFocus on how large-scale institutions (e.g., Gov't & media) may become involved in remedies.
- 24Class-actionIndividuals who view themselves as individually powerless, bind together in organizations to make demands at a national/ global level.
- 25Civil disobediencenon-violent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it
- 26* Reform MovementsSeek to change SOME aspect of the social structure
- 27* Revolutionary movementsSeek to bring about TOTAL change in society
- 28* Religious MovementsSeek to innovate people through "INNER CHANGE"
- 29* Alternative MovementsSeek LIMITED CHANGE in some aspects of behaviour. e.g., changing acceptable blood alcohol level from .08 to .05
- 30* Resistance MovementSeek to PREVENT or UNDO change
- 31*Sociological research guided by 7 value preferences1.Life over death
2. Health over sickness
3. Knowing over not knowing
4. co-operation over conflict
5. Freedom of movement over physical restraint
6. Self determination over direction by others
7. Freedom of expression over restraint of communication - 32Objective ElementsMeasurable features of a negative social condition
- 33Subjective elementsPeople's evaluations of objective conditions and the processes that influence their evaluations.
- 34Sociological Imagination (C. Wright, Mills)The sociologist's ability to connect seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces to the most basic incidents of an individual's life; allows people to distinguish between personal troubles and public issues
- 35Social ConstructA set of ideas, beliefs, and views that is (almost) infinitely flexible and always open to interpersonal influence.
- 36Social ConstructionismA sociological research approach that examines the ways people interact to create a shared social reality.
- 37Moral EntrepreneursElites, interest groups, community leaders, who stereotype and classify some situations as problems.
- 38Claims-makingA procedure that describes, explains, and blames people who are involved in the problem, often labelling them as deviants or wrongdoers.
- 39Relative povertypeople can survive, but their living standards are far below the general living standards of the society or social group
- 40Poverty rateproportion of the population that falls well below the poverty line
- 41LICOLow-Income Cut-Off
- 42Absolute povertyPeople do not have enough of the basic requirements for physical survival (food, shelter, etc)
- 43Human Development Index 3 basic areas- Strong healthy life- life expectancy at birth
-Knowledge; adult/ youth literacy
- Decent standard of living; GDP - 44Human Population Index (HPI-2)- Second variant of (HPI)
- Assesses relative deprivation in additional dimensions: vulnerability to premature death, exclusion from reading & communicating
- Canada ranks 9th - 45"Under class"The chronically poor
- 46Three categories of homeless adolescentsRunaways: leave home to escape
Throw aways: banned from home
Social Rejects: unaccepted by society - 47Adequacy-gradient hypothesispredicts an increase in wealth
- 48Affluence-trajectory hypothesispredicts a decrease in wealth
- 49Lack of affordable housing for low income earners, why?- Rental housing controlled by few property owners.
- More $$ in mid/upper class housing
- Affordable housing is economically stagnant & physically decayed city neighbourhoods - 50Who are the homelesssingle men & women
young people
Families
First nations people
people with serious health problems - 51Ethnic Groupcategory of people who are distinguished by others or themselves on the basis of cultural or national characteristics
- 52Racialized groupcategory of people who have been singled out, by others or themselves, as inferior/ superior
- 53Ethnocentrismthe assumption that one's own group and way of life are superior to all others
- 54Institutional racisma systematic bias in a social system, process, or institution that deprives some groups of equal rights or access to goods and services because of racial or ethnic membership
- 55Internalized racisma situation wherein members of an ethnic or racial group come to believe the stereotypical views of their group imposed upon them by others
- 56Vertical MosaicSociety where French and English Canadians were at the top of a "patchwork hierarchy", with ethnic minorities below.
- 57Diasporathe global spread of migrants and the spread of cultures by migrants
- 58Exterminationthe ultimate degree of expression of prejudice; Allport
- 59Gender roleslearned patterns of behaviour a society expects of men/ some; they vary between cultures
- 60Glass ceilinginvisible barrier created by male management to prevent women from reaching top positions
- 61Glass escalatorupward movement of men in women's occupations disproportionate to their numbers
- 62Higher education available to women since?1860's
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- FlashCards sobre Social Problems Exam 1, criado por w.snape em 31-01-2015.
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