Flashcards
april 6th monday
Flashcards do conjunto (41)
- 1The pituitary gland (Hypophysis) is a small gland located in thehypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone. Above it is the hypothalamus
- 2The anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis) is derived fromectoderm just outside the region of the embryonic pharynx.
- 3The Posterior pituitary (Neurohyphysis) is derived froma stalk growing downward (ventrally) from the diencephalon part of the neural tube
- 4Pars Distalis producesAcidophils
Basophils - 5AcidophilsGrowth Hormone
Prolactin - 6BasophilsThyroid Stimulating Hormone
Adrenal corticotropic hormone
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing hormone - 7Pars NervosaOxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH = Vasopressin) - 8Posterior PituitaryEndocrine secreting cells are located in the Hypothalamus; Supraoptic nucleus-->ADH, and Paraventricular nucleus-->Oxytocin; the axons carrying the hormones to the posterior pituitary consist of unmyelinated axons.
Their long axons project down the pituitary stalk (Infundibulum) to terminate as “herring bodies” (enlarged nerve endings where the hormones are stored).
Their axon terminals end on blood vessels in the Pars Nervosa.
Hormones secreted: Oxytocin and Vasopressin (Anti-Diuretic Hormone, abbreviated ADH). - 9Anterior pituitary (= Pars Distalis)The anterior pituitary secretes a large number of hormones—Growth Hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH.
It is under control of the hypothalamus, which secretes releasing factors (cause secretion of their specific hormone) or inhibiting factors (preventing release of their specific hormones).
Control factors are secreted into the pars tuberalis, in capillaries that drain to the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal veins, that downstream will break up into capillaries again within the pars distalis. - 10The hormones made in ap are .protein/peptide hormones, and they are synthesized in cells within the pars distalis
- 11For every hormone produced in the pars distalis, there is a substances that eitherstimulates it to secrete or inhibits its secretion; for some, there is one of each. Hence, stimulating/inhibitory factors.
- 12The superior hypothalamic artery breaks down into capillaries, which thenreceives these secretions from the hypothalamus which then continue into venules in the pars tuberalis.
- 13Superior hypophyseal arterysupplies median eminence and infundibulum (Primary capillary plexus) ► hypophyseal portal circulation ► pars distalis (Secondary capillary plexus). It carries releasing and inhibitory hormones from hypothalamus to adenohypophysis
- 14Cells in the pars distalis are divided into 5 functional types, distinguished histochemically:Somatotropes
Lactotropes.
Corticotropes
Gonadotropes
Thyrotropes. - 15Somatotropeseosinophic granules, produce “growth hormone” (somatotropin). Have both a releasing factor and inhibiting factor (latter is Somatostatin)
- 16LactotropesAcidophilic granules.
Produce Prolactin (PRL).
Inhibited by dopamine - 17Corticotropes.Stain basophilic.
Produce Adrenal CorticoTropic Hormone, ACTH.
Regulated by a releasing hormone. - 18GonadotropesGranules stained with basic stains.
Produce Luteinizing hormone LH and Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH.
Regulated by releasing hormones - 19Thyrotropes.Granules stain basophillic.
Release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).
Regulated by a releasing hormone. - 20Foramen cecumorigin of thyroid gland
- 21Migration of thyroid:location for Thyroglossal duct in some individuals
- 22The thyroid gland is anencapsulated gland in the neck; it covers over the larynx and first tracheal cartilages.
The gland mostly consist of follicles, which have a peripheral epithelium and central mass of colloid (thyroglobulin) from which the functional units, T3 and T4 thyroid hormone, are made. - 23A second cell, the C-cell,which makes the hormone Calcitonin, can also be found between follicles.
- 24C-Cells migrateinto thyroid gland and spread out in the gland; C-cells remain independent of thyroid follicles.
- 25Parathyroid glandThey manufacture Parathyroid Hormone, necessary for maintaining the normal levels of Calcium ion in the bloodstream. It’s a really big deal.
While it is attached to the thyroid gland, it’s not *Really* a part of it. - 26Principal cellsProduce parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium level, can pull Ca++ from bone
Part of a complex system of calcium homeostasis - 27Suprarenal (Adrenal) GlandTwo Glands in one!
- 28adrenal gland containstwo different endocrine organs:
The cortex, or outer layer, which is a steroid-secreting organ, producing a good number of different steroids.
The medulla, in the center, producing Catecholamines, particularly epinephrine. This gland functions as a peripherial ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system; it receives preganglionic sympathetics. - 29Early fetal period, adult cortexdevelops from mesoderm independently of fetal cortex, which is still present.
- 30Shortly after birth: fetal cortexhas regressed (involuted), so only adult cortex and medulla remain.
- 31Superior suprarenal A., arising frominferior phrenic A.
- 32Middle suprarenal artery, directly fromthe aorta.
- 33Inferior suprarenal artery, arising fromrenal A.
- 34there is only one suprarenal V. for each gland,on left draining to L. renal V., on right draining to IVC.
- 35adrenal gland made ofAdrenal Medulla
(think epinephrine
Adrenal Cortex
(Think Steroids) - 36Adrenal Cortex layersZona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona Reticularis - 37Zona GlomerulosaMineralicorticoids
Aldosterone & Corticosterone - 38Zona FasciculataGlucacorticoids
Cortisol & Cortisone - 39Zona ReticularisAndrogens
Dihydroepiandestrone & Androstenedione - 40Adrenal Medulla receive what innervationSympathetic preganglionic innervation
Via splanchnic nerves, mostly from T10-L1
Neurotransmitter: Acetylcholine - 41Sympathetics stimulatechromaffin cells to secrete epinephrine into capillaries
Catecholamines then enter general circulation and affect any cell with an appropriate adrenergic receptor.
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- FlashCards sobre april 6th monday, criado por Shylla T em 06-04-2020.
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