Flashcards
Personality Approaches and Psychometrics
Flashcards do conjunto (38)
- 1What does orthogonal mean? Which model of personality is most popular?The way information from one dimension cannot predict another
The five factor model - 2Name the first two personality dimensions Eysenck developed? What did he do for each dimension?Extroversion and Neuroticism
He listed personality factors that fit this dimension followed by facets that fit into these personality traits - 3What was extroversion paired with? What was neuroticism paired with? What were the four categories when the two dimensions were crossed?Introversion
Stability
Stable Extrovert
Stable Introvert
Neurotic Introvert
Neurotic Extrovert - 4What is a neurotic introvert? "Neurotic Extrovert "Stable Introvert "Stable ExtrovertHigh arousal to emotional stimuli but seeks calm not excitement
High arousal to emotional stimuli but instead easily bored so seeks calm
High arousal to emotional stimuli seeks excitement
Low arousal and seeks calm
Low arousal seeks excitement - 5What was the third dimension Eysenck developed? Why did he add this dimension? What is psychoticism?Psychoticism
He felt the first two personality types were insufficient to explain clinical personality data
Describes people who lack empathy, are cruel, aggressive and loners - 6What was developed from these personality dimensions? Who made the big 5? What are the 5 personality traits in the big 5?The big 5
Costa and McCrae 1992
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism - 7Example of what each measure in OCEANO- Feelings/ideas/values
C- Competence, order, self discipline
E- Sociability, dominance
A- Trust, altruism compliance
N- Irrationality, tension, shyness - 8PSYCHOMETRICS: What personality questionnaire can Eysencks dimensions be measured on? What did the questionnaire contain? Example Question measuring Extraversion? Example Question measuring Neuroticism?EPQR -Eysencks personality questionnaire revised
12 Questions for each four factors (Introversion, Extraversion, Stability and Neuroticism)
Are you a talkative person?
Do you often feel fed up? - 9Criticisms of EPQ-R What is key when evaluating a questionnaire? What is internal consistency?1. Questioned whether questions on extroversion are too focused on sociability
2. Measures of Neuroticism have been likened to Grays SP questionnaire
Internal consistency
Where correlation is used to measure whether different items on a questionnaire that propose to measure the same thing produce similar scores - 10What is internal consistency used to measure? What measure is used nowadays? What is Cronbachs alpha?How well traits hang together within a supposed factor
Cronbach Alpha
A measure of how well different questions address the same underlying personality variable, if they predict well then answered to one question should strongly predict the answers to another question - 11What does it mean if Cronbachs Alpha is only moderate? What score is classed as good in Cronbach's alpha?It is likely that two or more personality factors are used/ underly for that measure, i.e. not just one personality dimension is being measured.
0.7+ - 12How do Eysencks Psychoticism traits hang together?The item vs rest of test correlation was fairly low which means that they are not very coherent and the traits do not hang together that well
- 13Who found the the dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism are reliable? What did they do? What did they find? InterpretationFrancis et al 1992
They used Cronbach's alpha to find values/correlations for personality dimensions using EPQ and EPQ-R
That for psychoticism some value for some questions were as low as 0.31, scores for extraversion were all greater than 0.76 and scores for neuroticism were all greater than 0.7
Extraversion and neuroticism are both coherent - 14What did this study lead to?Extraversion and Introversion being picked for the big 5 and not psychoticism
- 15What did Francis et al 1992 also find regarding orthogonality?There is a low-moderate negative correlation
between Extraversion & Neuroticism - 16BIS/BAS Internal consistency: Who used Cronbachs alpha for BIS/BAS? What did they find?Carver and White 1994
That for BIS correlations were above 0.7 and for BAS drive and BAS reward responsiveness was above 0.7, BAS fun seeking was 0.66 up to 0.7 - 17What else did Carver and White test? What did they do? Result: What else did they test? Result:BIS/BAS test re-test relaibility
Got subjects to complete the same test 8 weeks apart
Correlations for BIS/BAS drive/BAS reward responsive and BAS fun seeking were all above 0.6 which is very good for a short questionnaire
Orthogonality
For BIS vs BAS drive and BAS fun seeking they were all low apart from BIS vs reward responsiveness which was quite hgh (+0.28) - 18What did Torrubia et al 2001 use Cronbachs alpha for? What did they find?SPSR
Correlations that were greater than 0.76 for SP and SR questions which equals good coherence and good test re-test stability which declined as interval increased but was still good after 3+ years and also with regard to orthogonality the correlations of the SP and SR questions were between -0.05 and 0.8 which suggests orthogonality of SP and SR - 19What did Tagahashi et al 2007 find?BIS and BAS had high correlations in Cronbach's alpha (greater than 0.78) and also found correlations of 0.06 between BIS and BAS which provides evidence for orthogonality
- 20Who invented factor analysis? Who developed and popularised factor analysis? What is the aim of factor analysis?Spearmann
Cattell
To find the fewest orthogonal dimensions that plot personality and the fewest factors on to which any high number of personalities load - 21Who argued that using factor analysis when looking at diverse assessment of personality you end up conforming to a 5 dimesion structure? Name each personality dimension of the big 5 and their links to other personality systems in the brain:Costa and McCrae 1987
Openness- Creativity
Conscientiousness - Undirectedness
Extraversion -BAS- SR - Novelty/thrill seeking
Agreeableness -Psychoticism and Hexico's H/H
Neuroticism -BIS SP Harm avoidance - 22How did Gray state his SPSR axis fit onto Eysencks personality axis of Extraversion/Neuroticism? How did he change this later?At 45 degrees to Eysencks making a cross of the two orthogonal dimensions
To 30 degrees because he saw evidence that anxiety was more closely related to neuroticism than introversion - 23How did an anxious person to Gray fit onto Eysencks axis? How did an anxious person on Eysenck fit into Gray?Neurotic Introvert
High end of Grays SP - 24What are the two key aims of personalty research? What are the big 2?1. To find which and how may personality factors efficiently describe personality
2. To derive questionnaires that reliability tap those personality factors
Extraversion and Neuroticism - 25What is the brain system argued to control Neuroticism/stability? "Extraversion/Introversion? Who came after Eysenck and Gray and argued that humans have four temperament domains and three character domains? What are they?Cortico-Limbic Circuitry
Reticulo-Cortical Circuitry
Cloninger 1987
Temperament Domains: Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, Harm Avoidance and Persistence (added later)
Character Domains: Self-directedness, Self-Transcendence and cooperativeness - 26How did the temperaments link to other personality concepts?Novelty seeking: BAS, Extraversion, Behavioural activation - brain system and principle nueromodulator is dopamine
Harm Avoidance: BIS, Neuroticism, Behavioural Inhibition, Principle neuro-modulator is serotonin (ACTH)
Reward Dependence: Similar BAS, Behavioural Maintenance, Principle Neuro-modulator Noradrenaline - 27What are the definitions for: Harm Avoidance: Novelty Seeking:Heritable tendency to response intensely to aversive stimuli and their condition signals which lead to behaviour inhibition to avoid punishment and novelty
Heritable tendency toward frequent exploratory activity and intense exhilaration in response to novel or appetitive stimuli - 28What was found when Cloningers tri-dimension personality questionnaire (tpq) against Carver and White's BIS/BAS questionnaire?Harm avoidance and BIS have a strong positive correlation of 0.59 and negative correlations with BAS fun seeking (-0.27) and BAS drive (0.23)
Novelty seeking and BAS have a strong positive correlation of 0.51
Reward dependence and BAS have a mildly positive correlation of 0.28 but reward dependence and BIS have a positive and strong correlation of 0.42 - 29What was found comparing Cloningers TPQ vs Torrubias SPSRQ?Harm Avoidance and SP were strongly positively correlated of 0.67 with A moderately negative correlation with SR (-0.19)
Novelty seeking and SR had a moderate positive correlation of 0.27 and a moderately negative correlation with SP -0.24
Reward dependence and SR had a mild and positive correlation of 0.12 - 30What did McCrae and Costa aim to do 1987 with the big 5? What was used? What is this? Example:Aimed to validate the five factor model across other instruments so they got participants to do peer ratings of characteristics compromising each factor/trait
Factor loading
Representations of how much a factor explains a variable in factor analysis
Extraversion - Strongest loading was a sociability characteristic - 31What was found with several characteristics? What were the results of the factor loading? What else was found? What was honesty/humility linked to? What would this have been known as?That they could load onto two factors
The more raters there are the higher the correlation between a self report score and a rater score, they also found pretty good general correlations with the exception of agreeableness
A sixth factor known as honesty/humility was proposed but was decided it wasn't distinct enough from agreeableness,
Honesty/humility was linked to the idea of reciprocal altrusim and would be mediated by neruopeptides like oxytocin
This model would have been known as the Hexico model - 32Who investigated which personality factors best predict college performance? What did they do? Results: Interpretation:Wolfe and Johnson 1995
Looked at correlations between 32 personality variables, high school scores and SAT scores with college academic success
High school score account for 19% of variance in grade point average, self control/conscientiousness accounts for 9% of variance in GPA and SAT scores account for 5% of variance in GPA
A personality variable was more predictive than a standard academic test taken before university - 33Who was this result mirrored by? Result:Buastio et al 2000
Found conscientiousness predicted academic success constantly - 34Who challenged the results about conscientiousness? What did they argue?Chamorro-premuzic et al 2003
That factors such as intelligence/abilities are emphasised as key to good academic performance however performance must be linked to personality as well as ability and that personality can influence depending on age and areas - 35What did they do? What performance measures were taken? Results:They conducted two longitudinal studies using Costa and McCraes big 5 and Eysencks EPQ-R and academic behaviour indicators such as seminar behaviour rated by tutors, absenteeism and essay marks and compared these predictors to personality measures
Each years exams, total exam grades and final year project mark
Neurtoticism worsens exam performance and leads to weaker/absent final year project,
Conscientiousness improves both exam and final year project performance
No advantage was found for introversion - 36What result were found in study 2: Interpretation:Extroversion gave an advantage for final project possibly due to good social negotiations with tutor
Psychoticism associated with worse performance in both exams and project
Personality factors not just academic ability determines academic performance, personality can predict performance beyond academic measures such as essay scores, seminar behaviour and absenteeism of which none were robust - 37Who performed a meta-analysis on 117 studies looking into various occupation groups and their relationship with big 5 personality dimensions? What did they look at? Results: Interpretation:Barrick and Mount 1991
Five major occupational groups, professionals, mangers, semi skilled, police and sales and compared their big 5 personality dimensions
Conscientiousness was the most predictive personality variable, job success was predicted by conscientiousness in all 5 occupational groups and by extraversion in managers and sales, job efficiency was predicted by conscientiousness (+0.23), training proficiency was predicted by conscientiousness (0.23) and extraversion (0.26) and openness to experience (0.25), the best predictor of salary was conscientiousness at 0.17
Personality is predictive but correlations are not that high - 38Who did a meta-analysis on 137 personality traits and subjective well being? What did they do? What did they find? What was their final measure of?DeNeve and Cooper (1998)
One measurement was the satisfaction with life scale, example 'in most ways my life is ideal' another measurement was the memorial scale of happiness, example ' I am just as happy as when I was younger'
For satisfaction with life scale: All big 5 factor except neuroticism are positively correlated with life satisfaction and conscientiousness had the strongest positive correlation with life satisfaction
Scale of happiness: All factors except neuroticism are positively correlated with happiness scale, strong positive correlation with extraversion (0.27), extraversion is the strongest predictor of subjective well being
Positive affect, example, Have you experienced joyful emotions in the last day
Negative affect 'Have you experienced frustration in the last day?'
Informações
- Descrição
- Degree Differential Term One FlashCards sobre Personality Approaches and Psychometrics, criado por kat.bridgman em 03-05-2015.
- Criado por
- kat.bridgman
- Visualizações
- 25
- Avaliação