Flashcards
Intro to Psc
Flashcards do conjunto (79)
- 1PsychologyThe scientific investigation of mental
processes and behavior.
Think, feel, act - 2EvolutionVariation in trait, Heritability of trait, Differential reproductive fitness
- 3Francis GaltonBehavior and mental processes
shaped by evolution - 4Nature-Nurture DebateNature = Genes
Nurture = Environment
Includes biological environment
ex: culture, environment, behavior - 5PsycheSoul, spirit, or
mind - 6LogosStudy of a subject matter
- 7EpistomologyThe study of how we gain
knowledge - 8Wilhelm WundtEstablished 1st laboratory for study of psychology in 1879 in German. Influenced by reductionism. Defined psychology as scientific study of the structure of conscious experience.
- 9Biological ApproachBehavior determined by physiological factors & approach
- 10Sigmund FreudApproach to psc grew out of
efforts to treat mental disorders. Developed psychoanalytic theory. - 11Sigmund Freud's emphasisThe unconscious processes influencing behavior
- 12Wilhelm Wundt's influenceReductionism
- 13Wilhelm Wundt's def of psychThe scientific study of the
structure of conscious experience. Used introspection - 14William JamesInfluence: Darwin. Focused on functionalism
- 15FunctionalismInvestigating the function
or purpose of consciousness - 16John B. WatsonFounded Behavioralism.
Behavior = overt (observable) response or activity by an organism. Abandoned study of consciousness - 17Evolutionary approachRoots in functionalism. Behavior arises as a function of our adaptive response to the environment
- 18Evolutionary approach (cont.) assumesAssumes behavioral similarities between humans and other animals are biologically based
- 19Psychodynamic ApproachBehavior is influenced by the unconscious. Unconscious conflict related to sexuality
plays role in behavior. Met w/ resistance - 20Behavioral ApproachNurture, not nature; Emphasized the environment
- 21Cognitive approachUnderstanding how we gain and
use knowledge - 22CognitionThought, information processing
- 23Humanistic approachBehavior determined by each individual’s capacity to think & act. Maslow, Rogers: major proponents
- 24Humanistic approach assumesPeople are generally good,
and competent to make decisions - 25Goals of ResearchWant accurate understanding of
psychological phenomena. Purpose: describe, explain, predict, control - 26The Scientific MethodA set of rules consisting of certain assumptions, attitudes, goals, & procedures for creating & answering questions about nature.
- 27RationalismNature is lawful & the laws of nature are understandable. [Assumptions of sci method]
- 28DeterminismBehavior is determined. [Assumptions of sci method]
- 29EmpiricismNature is “experienceable.” [Assumptions of sci method]
- 30Hypotheses are generated byTheories, experience
- 31Theoryintegrated set of propositions
that can be used to account for, predict, & suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena - 32HypothesisFormally stated expectation about how nature (specifically, a psychological phenomenon) operates
- 33Naturalistic Observations FeaturesObservations of human/animal behavior in the environment in where is usually occurs
- 34Naturalistic Observations strengthsProvides descriptive data about behavior supposedly uncontaminated by outside influences.
- 35Naturalistic Observations pitfallsObserver bias & participant self consciousness can distort results
- 36Survey featuresStandard set of questions asked to lots of ppl
- 37Survey strengthsGather large amount of data in short amount of time, inexpensive
- 38Survey pitfallsPoorly worded questions, sampling errors, response bias can distort results
- 39Case Studies featureIntensive examination of the
behavior & mental processes associated w/ a specific person/situation. - 40Case study strengthsProvide detailed descriptive
analysis of new, complex, or rare
phenomenon - 41Case study pitfallMay not provide representative
picture of phenomena - 42Correlational Studies featuresExamine the relationships
btw research variables. - 43Correlational study strengthsCan test predictions, evaluate theories, & suggest new hypotheses.
- 44Scientific Method: ResultsResults allow researcher to make
inferences about the hypothesis - 45StatisticsUse math to organize, summarize, & interpret numerical data
- 46Descriptive statisticsOrganize &
summarize data - 47Inferential statisticsInterpret data &
draw conclusions - 48Communicating ResultsFindings are shared to allow peer review which provides feedback.
Results help refine understanding of a phenomenon &
help refine theory that generated
hypothesis - 49Peer Review of Scientific ArticlesPublishing allows evaluation & critique of experts. They evaluate methods,statistical analyses, & conclusions. Contribute to knowledge & theory. Purpose:
ensure high-quality research - 50Ethical obligations (Research studies)Remove/reduce risk of physical &psychological harm,
Accommodate any that is unavoidable. Informed consent & right to decline. Debriefing - 51Types of Neuronssensory:from outside to inside,
motor: from inside to outside,
interneuron: between other neurons - 52DendriteDetects & carries signals to cell body [receiving branches]. Carries postsynaptic potential, an electrochemical signal moving towards cell body
- 53NucleusDNA is located here
- 54Axon hillockThe site of the action potential
- 55AxonCarries the action potential to the terminal.
- 56Myelin sheath & nodes of RanvierSpeed transmitter
- 57Myelin sheath & nodes of Ranvierholds vesicles filled with
neurotransmitters to release into synapse - 58Axon signal carriedThe action potential, an all-or- nothing electrochemical
signal that shoots down the axon to vesicles at the tip of the axon, releasing neurotransmitters. - 59NeurotransmitterA chemical released by one cell that binds to the receptors on another cell.
- 60Neurotransmitter signal carriedA chemical
message telling the next cell to fire or not to fire its own action potential. - 61SynapseProvides an area for the transfer
of signals between neurons, usually between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another. - 62Synapse signal carriedChemicals that cross the synapse and reach receptors on another cell
- 63ReceptorProteins on the cell membrane
that receive chemical signals - 64Receptor signal carriedRecognizes certain neurotransmitters, allowing it to begin a postsynaptic potential in the dendrite.
- 65Somatic Nervous SystemSends sensory information to central nervous system for processing & Sends messages from central nervous
system to muscles to direct motion - 66Autonomic Nervous SystemControls activities normally outside of conscious control. Subsystems: Sympathetic nervous system & parasympathetic nervous system
- 67The Spinal CordReceives signals from senses & sends them to the brain. Neurons in the spinal chord carry
signals downward from the brain to the muscles. The cells can direct simple behaviors (flex) - 68HindbrainVital functions (medulla,
pons & cerebellum) - 69Midbrainsensory functions [dopaminergic projections, reticular
activating system] - 70ForebrainEmotion, complex thought (thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system,
cerebrum, cerebral cortex) - 71The Cerebrum, Cerebral Hemispheres2 specialized
halves connected by corpus collosum - 722 Cerebral HemispheresLeft hemisphere: verbal processing [language, speech, reading, writing]. Right hemisphere: nonverbal processing [musical, visual]
- 73Cerebrum 4 lobesOccipital: vision, Parietal: somatosensory, Temporal: auditory, Frontal: movement, executive control systems
- 74SenseA system that translates “outside” infor into
neural activity - 75SensationMessage from the senses
- 76PerceptionProcess by which sensations are given meaning
- 77Accessory structures & systemsIt modifies energy. Visual system: eye,
Aural system: ear,
Kinesthetic system: joints and muscles - 78TransductionSensory receptors translate physical stimulation into neural signals.
- 79Trasnduction (cont.)Eye: retine (rods/cones);
Ear: cochlea;
Muscles and Joints: stretch receptors