Flashcards
G & P Key terms
Flashcards do conjunto (65)
- 1DemocracyRule by the people of 'people power'
- 2Representative democracyWhere citizens elect representatives to formulate legislation and take other decisions on their behalf
- 3Direct democracyWhere citizens are given a direct input into the decision-making process
- 4ReferendumA vote on a single issue put to a public ballot by the government of the day. Referendums offer a degree of direct democracy. They are generally framed in the form of a simple 'yes/no' question.
- 5InitiativeA process by which citizens can call a referendum, normally by collecting a predetermined number of signatures in a petition.
- 6RecallA device that allows citizens to unseat an elected official before the end of their term in office.
- 7Political ParticipationCollectively refers to the range of ways in which citizens can involve themselves in the political process.
- 8FranchiseThe franchise is the right to vote as established by parliamentary statute. The vast majority of adult UK citizens have the right to vote.
- 9TurnoutThe percentage of registered voters who cast a ballot in a given election.
- 10CanvassingWhere local party activists go from door to door in an effort to assess the strength of support and win over floating voters.
- 11Participation CrisisThe view that declining levels of political participation in the UK threaten to undermine its democratic systems.
- 12POWER inquiryAn inquiry into the state of political participation in the UK initiated by the Joseph Rowntree Trust. The inquiry resulted in the publication of the POWER Report.
- 13SubsidiarityThe principle that decisions should be taken at the lowest tier of government possible.
- 14ManifestoA document in which a political party sets out its policy programme at an election.
- 15TurnoutThe proportion of the electorate that votes in an election.
- 16RepresentativeAn individual who acts on behalf of a larger group but is free to exercise their own judgement; exhibiting a likeness or being typical.
- 17RepresentationThe process by which an individual or individuals act on behalf of a larger group.
- 18DelegateAn individual authorised to act on behalf of others but who is bound by clear instructions.
- 19TrusteeAn individual who has formal responsibility for the interests of another.
- 20ConstituencyA geographical territory for which representatives are chosen in a election.
- 21Majoritarian systemAn electoral system in which the winning candidate must achieve an absolute majority of votes cast in a single - member constituency.
- 22Simple Plurality systemAn electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes in a single-member constituency wins.
- 23Proportional RepresentationAn electoral system using multi-member constituencies in which an electoral formula is used to match the percentage of seats won by each party to the percentage of votes they won.
- 24District magnitudeThe number of representatives elected from a particular constituency
- 25Mixed SystemAn electoral system where a proportion of representatives are elected under a majoritarian/plurality system in single-member constituencies, and the others are elected as 'additional members' using a proportional system in multi-member constituencies.
- 26Wasted VoteA vote for a losing candidate in a single-member constituency, or a vote for a winning candidate that was surplus to the plurality required for victory.
- 27Safe SeatA constituency that normally elects and MP from the same political party at every election.
- 28Tactical VotingVoting for the candidate most likely to defeat the voter's least favoured candidate.
- 29Adversarial PoliticsA situation often found in two-party systems in which the governing party is confronted by an opposition party that offers a different policy programme, and which is outwardly hostile towards the government even when in broad agreement with it.
- 30Coalition GovernmentA government made up of more than one political party.
- 31Split-ticket votingThe practice of voting for candidates from different parties in an election where an elector is permitted to cast more than one vote.
- 32Minority GovernmentA government formed by a political party that does not have an verall majority in the legislature.
- 33Electoral ReformChanges made to an electoral system or a change from one electoral system to an alternative (in Britain, the term commonly refers to the campaign to replace FPTP with PR)
- 34SocialisationThe process by which individuals acquire their values and beliefs
- 35Class dealignmentThe decline in the relationship between social class and voting.
- 36Partisan dealignmentThe decline in strong voter identification with political parties.
- 37Core VoteVoters who feel a strong attachment to a political party and vote for it in election after election.
- 38Floating votersVoters without a strong attachment to a particular party, who may switch their vote from election to election.
- 39Rational Choice ModelAn approach to the study of politics that focuses on the actions of rational individuals who pursue their own interests.
- 40Two-Party SystemWhere two fairly equally matched parties compete for power at elections and others have little realistic chance of breaking their duopoly.
- 41Women-only ShortlistsWhere a constituency party is required to draw up an entirely female shortlist from which their parliamentary candidate will be chosen
- 42Political SpectrumA device by which different political standpoints can be mapped across one axis or more as a way of demonstrating their ideological position in relation to one another.
- 43AuthoritarianIn the political sense, describing any approach that favours strict obedience to the authority of the state.
- 44LibertarianAny approach that favours civil liberties and the rights of the individual over the authority of the state. Libertarians generally believe that society as a whole is best served by allowing citizens to operate relatively free from state intervention.
- 45PaternalismWhere power and authority are held centrally but the state acts benevolently, caring for the neediest. Paternalism is said to be a key characteristic of traditional one-nation conservatism.
- 46MonetarismAn economic theory advocating controlling the money supply as a means of keeping inflation in check.
- 47Postwar ConsensusThe broad agreement between the Labour and Conservative parties over domestic and foreign policy that emerged after WW2. The consensus saw the parties cooperating over the creation of the welfare state and the adoption of keynesian economic policy. The postwar consensus began to break down in the 70's
- 48Adversarial PoliticsThe instinctive antagonism between the two main westminster parties. The term was used by Professor S.E Finer and commonly applied to UK politics from the 1970's.
- 49'Old Labour'Characterising the Labour Party prior to the modernisation programme begun by Neil Kinnock in 1983 and completed by Tony Blair. It refers to the party's historic commitment to socialism and its links with socialist societies, trade unions and the old working class.
- 50Social JusticeThe goal of greater equality of outcome, as opposed to equality of opportunity alone. It is achieved through progressive taxation and other forms of wealth redistribution. The idea is closely associated with the Labour Party and with other parties a=of the left and centre-left, e.g Greens.
- 51SDP-Liberal AllianceThe electoral alliance between the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Ru
- 52Pressure GroupA group of like-minded individuals who come together on the basis of shared interests or a commonly held cause in order to put pressure on policy-makers at Westminster and beyond.
- 53Single Issue GroupA pressure group or protest movement that focuses on a single issue as opposed to a range of issues underpinned by a broader set of guiding principles or an ideology. Single-issue groups often disband once their central objective is achieved.
- 54New Pressure Group PoliticsCharacterising the rise of more loosely organised social movements, protest movements, direct action campaigns and grassroots activities. It is distinct from the more tightly organised and choreographed pressure group activity of earlier decades.
- 55Trustee ModelThe Burken model of representation provided for in a representative democracy. Politicians are returned to office on the understanding that they are free to use their judgement in the interests of their constituents and the nation as a whole.
- 56Attitude Cause GroupA group that seeks to change people's attitude on a particular issue.
- 57Political Cause GroupA group that campaigns in pursuit of a cause that is essentially political in nature.
- 58Sectional Cause GroupA group that represents a specific section of society that is distinct from its own membership.
- 59Core InsidersGroups that work closely with government and are consulted regularly across a broad range of policy areas.
- 60Specialist InsidersGroups with which the government consults across only a narrow range of policies.
- 61Peripheral insidersGroups whose areas of expertise or interest are so narrow that government would only rarely consult them.
- 62Potential insidersGroups that might ultimately achieve insider status but are currently lacking in terms of support and or experience. Govts. may be reluctant to grant such groups insider status because they regard them as lacking legitimacy.
- 63Outsiders by necessityGroups that are forced to operate as outsider groups as a result of there being no realistic prospect of regular consultation with govt. - whether because of the group's core aims or its chosen methods.
- 64Ideological OutsidersGroups that look to avoidd establishing close working relationships with govt. for ideological reasons. Amnesty International, for example, must avoid becoming too closely associated with any national govt. if it is to preserve its reputation for impartiality. Those campaigning against globalisation may see govt. as part of the problem, rather than the solution.
- 65"Captive" or "Prisoner" groupsGroups that are dependent on govt, either because they benefit from state funding or because the govt, played a part in their creation.
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- FlashCards sobre G & P Key terms, criado por 04alibea em 09-10-2015.
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