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Flashcards

Mitosis and meiosis: cell division phases and chromosome numbers

Paulina Rocha López Biología Primero Espanhol 111 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (111)

  1. 1Type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotesBinary fission
  2. 2Cell that has all the genes (2n)Diploid
  3. 3Cell that has half of the genes (1n)Haploid
  4. 4All genes expressed in an organismPhenotype
  5. 5All genes in an organism, even if not expressedGenotype
  6. 6Produces genetic variabilitySexual Reproduction
  7. 7Does not produce genetic variabilityAsexual reproduction
  8. 8Separation process of the two daughter cellsCytokinesis
  9. 9Produces two daughter cells without genetic variationMitosis
  10. 10Produces four daughter cells with genetic variationMeiosis
  11. 11Mitosis phase where chromosomes separateAnaphase
  12. 12Mitosis phase where chromosomes alignMetaphase
  13. 13Mitosis phase where the cell nucleus membrane disappearsProphase
  14. 14Mitosis phase where two nuclei form and the separation beginsTelophase
  15. 15The cell doubles its organelles and accumulates the materials needed for DNA synthesis.G1 Phase
  16. 16DNA replication occurs.S Phase
  17. 17The cell synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division.G2 phase
  18. 18Cell division occurs.M Phase
  19. 19A diploid cell has 46 chromosomes before meiosis. How many chromosomes will the daughter cells have after meiosis II?23 chromosomes
  20. 20Phase in which adult cells temporarily exit the cell cycle and lose their reproductive capacity. These cells keep their other metabolic functions active.G0
  21. 21Reproductive resting stage. It presents in turn the phases G1, S and G2Interphase
  22. 22Process by which a stem cell gives birth to two daughter cells with identical genetic makeup and function.Mitosis
  23. 23A process that only occurs in the germ cells of organisms that carry out sexual reproduction. After a double division the result is four daughter cells, each with half the chromosomes and different genetic information from the original stem cell.Meiosis
  24. 24Exchange of DNA segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.Crossing over of chromosomes
  25. 25Homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed in daughter cells.Independet distributions of chromosomes
  26. 26Only gametes (sex cells) belong to this group. These cells have half as many chromosomes (23 for humans) as somatic cells.Haploid cells
  27. 27All somatic cells belong to this group. Which have the total number of chromosomes (46 for humans).Diploid cells
  28. 28It is the graphic presentation of chromosomes. The term is used to refer to a laboratory technique that produces an image of the chromosomes of an individual.Karyotype
  29. 29It is the set of genetic instructions found within a cell. In humans the genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes.Genome
  30. 30After cytokinesis, somatic cells present ______ chromosomes.46 Chromosomes
  31. 31After meiosis II and cytokinesis, germ cells or gametes have: ___ chromosomes23 chromosomes
  32. 32Somatic cells are diploid 2n, this corresponds to: ______ chromosomes.46 chromosomes
  33. 33Germ cells or gametes are haploids (n), this corresponds to: ______ chromosomes.23 chromosomes
  34. 34Somatic cells in late prophase and metaphase have: ______ chromosomes.92 chromosomes
  35. 35What is the basic unit of genetics?Gene
  36. 36Genes are formed by:Nucleic Acids
  37. 37These structures, made up of DNA and proteins, are formed and are visible only during cell division.Chromosomes
  38. 38In 950, Erwin Chargaff discovered a mathematical equivalence rule by analyzing the amounts of nitrogenous bases in DNA from different organisms, and found out that:Adenine = Thymine and Guanine = Cytosine
  39. 39It is a nitrogenous base that constitutes part of the sequence of RNA, but not DNA.Uracil
  40. 40What is the name of the process that copies a DNA molecule and results in two identical DNA molecules?Replication
  41. 41It is defined as a random change in the DNA sequence.Mutation
  42. 42A _____ genotype has two different alleles for a certain trait.A. Heterozygous
  43. 43A _________ occurs when two genes are expressed simultaneously. An example is the color of Dalmatian dogs.Codominance
  44. 44Set of visible characters that an individual presents as a result between his genotype and the environment.Phenotype
  45. 45A ________square is a diagram designed to determine the probability in which the alleles of the genes are expressed and to predict their genotypes and phenotypes.Punnett
  46. 46Each of the alternative forms presented by the same gene.Alleles
  47. 47A ______ allele is the one that is always expressed in the phenotype; to represent it capital letters are used.Dominant
  48. 48A dominant gene determines the expression of a particular characteristic and prevents the expression of the recessive form of the gene.Law of Dominance (First)
  49. 49During meiosis the two alleles of each feature are separated.- Law of segregation (Second)
  50. 50During the formation of gametes a random distribution of alleles occurs. Different alleles separate independently.- Law of independent segregation (Third)
  51. 51DNA is formed by four types ofNucleotides
  52. 52Deoxyribonucleic acid, constituent of the ____ material.Genetic
  53. 53Consists of hundreds of genes; humans have 23 pairs.Chromosomes
  54. 54Filament that constitutes the chromosomes, visible during the prophase and metaphase.Chromatid
  55. 55In a couple, both are heterozygous for the Gene of eye color. Brown is Dominant over blue which is recessive. What probability do their children have to have Blue eyes?0.25
  56. 56In a family where both parents have brown eyes but are heterozygous for eye color gene. Brown Dominant over Blue Recessive. What probability do their children have to have BROWN eyes?0.75
  57. 57In a seed the "A “ Allele is Dominant and show a yellow color, while "a" Allele is recessive and show a green color. The combination of two Heterozygous Aa (yellow ) will give.75 %Yellow and 25 % Green
  58. 58_______ in evolution refers to the fact that a species can derive by mutation into several new species.Diversity
  59. 59Natural _________ is an evolutionary mechanism where environmental conditions favor or obstruct the survival and reproduction of some genotypes in a population.Selection
  60. 60The set of phenotypic and genotypic changes within a population throughout generations.Evolution
  61. 61Set of visible characters in an individual resulting from the interaction of their genotype and the environment.Phenotype
  62. 62The _______ of life refers to the fact that all living beings have a common ancestorUnity
  63. 63Sudden and permanent alteration of the genetic structure of a living being that is transmitted to its descendants by inheritanceMutation
  64. 64Natural selection favors the survival of the organism that has more biological _____relative to its specific environment.Fitness
  65. 65Last name of the scientist recognized as the most influential in raising the idea of evolution in 1859.Darwin
  66. 66Branch of biology that studies the fossil evidence of evolutionPaleontology
  67. 67Branch of biology that studies evidence of evolution related to the geographical zones where different species live.Biogeography
  68. 68Branch of biology that studies evidence of evolution based on similarities in embryonic development between species.Embryology
  69. 69________ biology studies evidence of evolution by comparing DNA and other biomolecules in different speciesMolecular
  70. 70______ studies the evidence of evolution related to the similarity of anatomical parts in different speciesCompared anatomy
  71. 71Compared anatomyLiving beings are classified into three domains:
  72. 72Living beings are classified into three domains:- Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
  73. 73The Eukarya Domain is divided into these kingdoms:Protists, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
  74. 74The domains that are characterized by having prokaryotic organisms are:- Archaea and Bacteria
  75. 75The organisms of this group are characterized by living in extreme environmentsArchea
  76. 76They are very important in the production of bread, cheese, yogurt, etc.Bacteria
  77. 77Its cell wall is made of chitinFungi
  78. 78Its cell wall is made of celluloseVegetables
  79. 79Kingdom of the Eukarya domain that does not have differentiated tissues:Protist
  80. 80All the members of this kingdom have mobility at some stage of their development:Animalia
  81. 81He was among the first to recognize that living organisms change over time and that each species from another and their characteristics depend on their adaptation to the environment. He worked with giraffes.Jean Baptiste Lamark
  82. 82There are 3 basic principles on which Lamark supports his theory.l. Tendency to perfection. lI. Use and disuse. lII. Inheritance of acquired traits.
  83. 83He contributed to the concept of mimicry and biogeographical studies.Alfred Russel Wallace
  84. 84They determined the age of the earth. What we see today is the result of changes caused by rain, wind, and temperature.Hutton and Lyell
  85. 85Organisms adapt to the environment in which they live, developing characteristics that allow them to survive and reproduce.Natural Selection
  86. 86The process by which humans select the desirable characteristics of an organism to reproduce them is known asArtificial Selection
  87. 87Are the 5 basics premises of natural selectionOrganisms come from organisms similar to them.
  88. 88The number of individuals that survive and reproduce in each generation is less than the initial number of descendants.In all populations there are variations between individuals and some of them are inheritable.
  89. 89The number of individuals that survive and reproduce depends on individual heritable variations with the environment.The accumulation of changes in populations results in the emergence of two different species.
  90. 90Classified according to their ribosomal RNA by Carl Woese in 1990Domains
  91. 91Whittaker proposed 5 ___________ based on the type of nutrition:Kindoms
  92. 92Fungi (saprophytic multicellular fungi), Plantae (autotrophic multicellular plants), Animalia (heterotrophic multicellular animals), Protists (single-celled eukaryotes) and Monera (prokaryotes).Kindoms
  93. 93refers to the classification of species according to their general organization plan.Phylum
  94. 94refers to the set of orders, either of plants (fungi and algae) or of animals, which share several characters.The class
  95. 95is one of the most important taxa (plural of taxon). It allows to group genus according to certain common traits and kinship relationships.Family
  96. 96It is a taxon that groups organisms of different species. The name derives from the physical, ecological, or biogeographic characteristics of the species.Genus
  97. 97It includes all the organisms that share most of their characteristics.Specie
  98. 98Enzyme-rich substance that is found in the interior of the chloroplast, surrounds the thylakoids and is where the light independent phase takes placeStroma
  99. 99Name of the sugar produced during the photosynthesis processGlucose
  100. 100Gas produced in the first stage of photosynthesisOxygen
  101. 101Chemical name of the gas used as raw material in the second stage of photosynthesisCarbon Dioxide
  102. 102Process in which oxygen and sugars are produced from water, carbon dioxide and luminous energyPhotosynthesis
  103. 103Type of cellular respiration that requires oxygenAerobic
  104. 104Another name for anaerobic respiration.Fermentation
  105. 105Type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygenAnaerobic
  106. 106Cellular respiration produces a molecule of high energyATP
  107. 107General Chemical Equation representing PHOTOSYNTHESIS6CO2 + 6H2O produces C6H12O6 + 6O2
  108. 108It occurs during photosynthesis in the light-dependent phase and is essential as an ingredient (reagent) in aerobic respiration.Oxygen
  109. 109What are the reagents of photosynthesis?Light, water and carbon dioxide
  110. 110Definition of Cellular RespirationIt is a process that occurs in the mitochondria in which the chemical energy contained in food is transformed into ATP.
  111. 111They are the two main types of fermentation:Lactic and Alcoholic

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Primero Biología FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Paulina Rocha López em 01-12-2022.
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