Flashcards
Crop Production Lab
Flashcards do conjunto (169)
- 1What factors associated with the soil environment can delay emergencesoil compaction
cold soil
herbicide injury
fertilizer on seedling - 2What kind of pests feed on corn seed before seedlings emergeseed corn maggot
wireworms
birds - 3How long does it take for pollination once a pollen grain lands on a silk24 hours
- 4Identify the growth stage a. tassel begin to developV5-V7
- 5Identify the growth stage b. number of rows of seed on each earV5-V7
- 6What insects can be a problem on leaves and stalks at the V5-V7 stagecorn aphid
stalk borer - 7What is the water requirement of corn at the V12-VT stagemore than 2 in per week
- 8at what stage does the black layer formR6
- 9What is the black layers functionPhysiological maturity
disconnects seed from cob - 10Leaf AphidCauses damage as and Adult Aphid
small, blue green, pear shape with black cornicles - 11Corn Rootworm (western)Adult: beetle yellow/ 3 black stripes
Larvae: White/Brown head - 12GrasshopperCauses damage as an adult
Gray/Brown - 13European Corn borerCauses damage as Larvae
Flesh color, tan/black head, 2 brown spots/segment - 14Leaf AphidAttacks leaves and stems
sucks sap, speckling - 15Corn Rootworm (western)Attacks the roots and silks
Chewing, plants lodge, destroy silks, poor pollination - 16GrasshopperAttacks the leaves
Chews, ragged leaves - 17European Corn BorerAttacks the stem
Tunnels, shot hole leaves - 18What are mycotoxins and what are they produced byPoisons produced by fungi
- 19How can you reduce the risk of mycotoxins in cornAvoid continuous corn, balanced fertility
Not to follow wheat fields infected by Fusarium scab - 20What is the formula used to estimate yield(No. rows/ear) * (No. Kernels/row) * (No. ears in a (1/1000 ac) * 0.01116
- 21You have scouted a corn field that has 30”rows and found an average of 24 ears in 1/1000 acre. The average for those ears is 16 rows of kernels and 40 kernels/row. What is the estimated yield in bushels/acre?16 * 40 * 24 * 0.01116 = 171 bu/A
- 22Defoliation is most critical at what stageVT
- 23Leaf symptoms a. Phosphorus (P2O5)reddish-purple in young leaves
- 24Leaf Symptoms b. Potassium (K2O)Yellowing along tip and edges
lower leaves - 25Leaf Symptoms c. Nitrogen (N)Yellowing starts at tip and moves along midrib
- 26Leaf symptoms d. Droughtrolled leaves
grayish green - 27Determinate Soybeanall veg growth before flowering
all flowers open same time
seed matures same time
terminal leaf same size - 28Indeterminate SoybeanVeg growth continues
flowering continues
seed maturity varies
terminal leaf smaller - 29is indeterminate or determinate morst common in the Corn BeltIndeterminate
- 30Which environmental factor has the strongest influence on vegetative growth at early stages in soybeantemperature
- 31Planting soybean is not advised until the soil temperature is what55 Degree Fahrenheit
- 32What part of the soybean seedling pushes the seedling to the soil surfaceHypocotyl
- 33What V stage is designated for the first trifoliate leafV1
- 34What kinds of soil and environmental conditions require inoculating soybean seed each year that soybean is planted?No soybean history
sandy soil
flooded
poor drainage - 35At what V stage do soybean roots become infected with the bacterium that fixes nitrogenVE-V2 (early)
- 36What environmental factor has a role on initiation of floweringDay length
- 37What percentage of soybean flowers abort and never produce pods that contribute to grain yield60-75%
- 38What is the physiological basis for why corn can produce more yield than soybean?Corn is more efficient in photosynthesis; C4 plant pathway
Soybean is less efficient; C3 plant. recycles some products in the process - 39What characteristics can be used to differentiate between R1 and R2 in soybeanR1: flower at 3rd and 6th node
R2: flowers open at one of top 2 nodes that have a full leaf - 40What pod characteristic is used to differentiate the R7 and R8 stages in soybeanR7: 1 pod on main stem is mature in color
R8: 95% pods are mature color - 41How many days from planting soybean to seedling emergencenormally 5-9
but cold wet soil can delay - 42soybean roots may reach 3 feet in depth by this stageV6
- 43Soybean root growth stops at this stageR7
- 44Nitrogen-fixing bacteria infect roots at this stageV1 early
- 45Maximum dry weight growth for developing soybean seed at this stageR5-R6
- 46Describe the symptom for soybean rustRust pustules on leaf surface
spread by spores - 47Soybean rust is native to what continentAsia
- 48When and how did soybean rust get to North America2004 wind blown storms
- 49What prevents soybean rust from surviving in South DakotaFreezing kill vegetation
- 50Soybean rust is caused by what kind of organismFungus
Bacteria
Virus - 51What other species of plants can soybean rust grow onPeas, beans, clover
- 52What growth stages of the soybean plant are most vulnerable to loss from soybean rust infection?R1-R6
- 53If a Group I variety reaches (R1) flowering 50 days after emergence in eastern South Dakota, when would we expect a Group II variety to reach flowering?50 days
- 54What are sentinel plots and how are they useful for preventing the spread of soybean rust?Field plots
take leaf samples - 55Which country are bean leaf beetles native toUS
- 56Which parts of the soybean plant do bean leaf beetles feed onleaves
pods - 57At what plant growth stages is feeding by the bean leaf beetle generally most detrimental to soybean yield?podding to fill (R3-R6)
- 58How do bean leaf beetles survive winters in South Dakotasoil litter
shelterbelts - 59Describe the soybean aphidpale yellow/green cornicles (tail pipes) abdomen
- 60soybean aphid is native to?Asia
- 61when was the soybean aphid introduced into the USWisconsin 2000
SD 2001 - 62Soybean aphid overwinters in the ___ growth stage found on ___ plantsegg
buckthorn - 63What are the symptoms of soybean aphid feeding on soybean leaves?Sucks sap, yellowing, stunting, cupping, wilting, sticky, sooty-like
- 64Risk of yield loss from soybean aphid is usually greatest between __ and __ growth stagesR1 and R5
- 65The presence of large numbers of what other insects in a soybean field is an indicator of the presence of the soybean aphid?Ants and Asian lady beetles
- 66What type of spring wheat is grown in the dakotasHard red
- 67How much of a decrease in yield would you expect if you planted spring wheat on May 18 in South Dakota8 bu (1 bu/day after may 10)
- 68Seeding rate for spring wheat is ___ seeds/square foot or ___ bu/ac28
1.2-1.5 - 69what problem in wheat can result from planting into corn stubblehead blight (scab) fungus (fusarium)
- 70Describe the adult aphidsmall, pale green, dark green stripe on back
- 71what insect vector transmits the wheat streak mosaic viruswheat curl mite spreads the virus
- 72how do aphids feedpiercing mouth parts
inject toxins - 73what species of insect is a valuable natural enemy and biological control of aphidslady bird beetle
- 74what types of climatic conditions tend to help control grasshopper infestationcool, wet
- 75when do grasshoppers generally hatchlate june through august
- 76Field borders and roadsides are primary hatching beds. What is the threshold population of grasshoppers, above which insecticides are recommendedfield areas: 8 or more per square yard
field borders: 20 or more per square yard - 77Leaf rust a. organs attackedwheat leaves
- 78Leaf Rust b. symptomsoval, orange yellow pustules
- 79Stem Rust a. organs attackedleaves
stems - 80Stem rust b. symptomsbrick red pustules with ragged edges
- 81Describe the tan spot symptomsyellow/ tan lesions (blotches) (necrotic spots
lower leaves
starts small then enlarge - 82tan spot overwinters on whatcrop residue
- 83what kind of weather favors development of tan spotcool, wet favors fungus
- 84what can be done to control the diseasefungicide, rotation, tillage, resistant varieties
- 85Fusarium head scab symptomswhite spikelets or heads
shriveled seed
pink to salmon colored spore masses at base of spikelet - 86when does scab infection normally occurat flowering
- 87what kinds of tillage and cropping systems favor the development of scabreduced tillage that leaves more residue
- 88how can fusarium head scab be controlledcrop rotation, resistant varieties, fungicides
- 89wheat streak mosaic virus symptomslong yellow streaks from leaf tips
- 90to control wheat streak mosaic in spring wheat, destroy all the __ in the surrounding areavolunteer wheat
- 91what is autotoxicitytoxins produced by established alfalfa plant that affect new seedling growth
- 92what effects do auto toxic compounds have on alfalfa seedlingsreduces seedling roots
swells root tips
reduces root hairs: the plant will take up less water and nutrients - 93higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems a. top growthheavy topgrowth
- 94higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems b. disease resistant varietysusceptible
- 95higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems c. precipitationdry condition
- 96higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems d. soil typeclay
- 97higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems e. tillagenone
- 98higher risk factors for reseeding due to autotoxicity problems f. age of stand1 yr
- 99What kind of forage crop could be successfully interseeded into a 3-year old stand of alfalfa when autotoxicity is likelygrass
red clover - 100In areas where acid soils limit alfalfa production, lime should be applied in amounts sufficient to raise the soil pH to6.7-6.9
- 101which important soil nutrients have sharp reductions in availability at soil pH below 6Ca
Mg
P
Mo - 102under what conditions is a companion crop sometimes recommended to be seeded with alfalfalight erodible soil
weedy field if no herbicide was used - 103what are some good companion cropsoats- stiff straw variety
Ryegrass - 104When should the companion crop-alfalfa mixture be harvested to reduce the chance of smothering the alfalfa crop and provide high quality companion crop forage?Harvest at Boot Stage
- 105Deficiency symptoms on leaves of alfalfa a. nitrogenlight green to yellow color
- 106Deficiency symptoms on leaves of alfalfa b. phosphorusreddish, purple, dark
- 107Deficiency symptoms on leaves of alfalfa c. potassiumwhite flecking
- 108What common weed is commonly found in SD, MN, and Ia that has a serious negative impact on the forage quality of alfalfafoxtails and curly dock
- 109Bacterial Wilt Symptomsstunted plants in 2-5 year old stands
discolored root - 110Spring black stem symptomssmall dark sports lower leaves and stems
- 111Phytophthora root rot symptomsplants wilt, die, lesions on roots, rotted tap root
- 112Common leaf spot symptomssmall, dark, brown/black spots
<0.1 inch, leaves yellow, drop - 113Alfalfa weevilSkeletonized leaves; grayish-brown colored stands
- 114Aphidssucks juice from leaves
yellowing, stunting wilt in hot weather - 115potato leafhopperyellow, wedge shape at leaf tip
2nd cutting more risk - 116Which crop stage should alfalfa be harvested if the goal is only to harvest highest quality hayPre bud (vegetative)
- 117what is the recommended fall management when the crop has been harvested at 30-day intervals throughout the growing seasonavoid harvest 6 weeks before a killing frost (Sept 1-Oct 15)
- 118Which harvest method has the highest field loss associated with harvestingfield cured hay
- 119what factors contribute to the higher field lossmore risk from rain
leaf loss - 120how do the following affects production or quality a. harvest at pre bud stage instead of full flowerhigher quality, less yield
- 121How do the following affect production or quality b. repeated close harvest intervals at 28 days instead of 36 daysweakened stand
- 122How do the following affect production or quality C. rain on cut hay before it is baledlower feed value
less palatable - 123How do the following affect production or quality d. late spring killing freeze when alfalfa is 8 inches tallweakened plants
stand loss - 124How do the following affect production or quality e. flooding for several dayskills plants
- 125How do the following affect production or quality f. cutting at full flower rather than late budlower digestibility
- 126The acid detergent fiber (ADF) fraction of a forage includeslignin
cellulose
pectin
ash - 127The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) fraction of forage includes the ADF fraction plushemicellulose
- 128what percent of the seed of roundup ready alfalfa is tolerant to glyphosate90%
- 129What are the characteristics of fatty acid component in NuSun sunflower that make it desirable for food processorshigh smoke temp
stable over time - 130which pulse crop is used as a protein supplement or planted with oats as a silage croppeas
- 131list 5 advantaged of cover crops in a cropping systemsoil cover
holds soil moisture
improves soil biological activity
keeps soil biological activity
grazing - 132how are using a chisel plow vs an alfalfa crop in the system similaropens channels deep into soil profile
- 133how are using a chisel plow vs an alfalfa crop in the system differentalfalfa legume: no energy and covers soil
- 134which cover crop provides the most plant diversity if planted in late summer after wheat harvest in a field to be planted to cornradish
- 135which cover crop provides the most plant diversity if planted after soybeans in a soybean/corn rotationwinter rye
- 136which tillage implement covers the most crop residuemoldboard plow
- 137which two implements are used after crop emergencerow cultivator
rotary hoe - 138which tillage operation has the highest cost/Amold board plow
- 139list reasons for using tillage in systems where tillage is usedweed control
manage residues - 140list advantages for reduced/no-till systems where reduced tillage is practivedless labor, fuel, machine expense
reduce wind and water erosion - 141Why does a chisel plow work best in the fall rather than in the springmust lift and shatter soil to function
- 142___ is growing a single crop within a field during the growing seasonmonoculture
- 143___ refers to all the species of living organisms in an agroecosystembiodiversity
- 144the plow that is used in primary tillage operations that creates the most soil disturbance by inverting the soil is the ___ plowmold board
- 145___ is the science (and art) of soil management and crop productionagronomy
- 146the most troublesome and hard to control weeds are the ____ weedsPerennial
- 147When cover crops are plowed under, they are referred to asgreen manure
- 148soybeans are known to leave ____ residuefragile
- 149the primary tillage implement that conserve the moisture the most is the ___ plowchisel
- 150a wheat spikelet contains generally 2-5florets
- 151the caryopsis in the floret is surrounded by the ____ and ____lemma and palea
- 152the flowering stage is followed by the ____ stageripening
- 153the most popular scale of identifying wheat growth stages is thefeekes scale
- 154once the first node of stem is visible at the base of the shoot, then that could be considered the start of stem ___ stageextension
- 155the inflorescence on a wheat plant is a ____spike
- 156a wheat spikelet contains two ___ at the basefloret
- 157the last stage in the ____ stage is reached once all heads (spikes) are out of their sheathsheading
- 158the lemmas of florets may or may not have ____awns
- 159wheat plants normally produce 2-3 ____tillers
- 160the complex protein responsible for the cohesive properties in wheat flour is ___gluten
- 161___ ___ is planted in early fall and matures the following summerwinter wheat
- 162the part of the kernel that is the major constituent of white flour is ___endosperm
- 163durum wheat is used mainly forpasta
- 164the wheat that does not require vernalization can be planted in the ___spring
- 165that part of the kernel that is a constituent of whole grain flour isgerm
- 166winter wheat must go through ____ to induce floweringvernalization
- 167durum wheat is also calledmacaroni wheat
- 168white winter wheat is suitable for makingtortillas
- 169winter wheat plants can withstand the low temperatures of winter by being in adormant state
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- undergrad Crop Production Lab FlashCards sobre Crop Production Lab, criado por ashlynn Smith em 18-04-2024.
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