Flashcards
BIO UNIT 6 Respiratory system (official one)
Flashcards do conjunto (52)
- 1what do humans obtain and what do they expel? and why is it important?-humans obtain oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
-important because it supplies body with oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration. and also helps eliminate CO2 produced during aerobic cellular respiration. - 2what is external respiration?-gas exchange between air and blood (lungs).
- 3what is internal respiration?-gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid (body)
- 4what is cellular respiration?-ATP production
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP - 5describe the nose in the upper respiratory tract.-also known as nasal cavity.
-site of air intake
-conditions air by filtering, moistening and warming it. - 6describe the pharynx in the upper respiratory tract.-tube from mouth to beginning of trachea.
-carries both food and air. - 7describe the epiglottis in the lower respiratory tract.-flap like structure composed of cartilage but remains flexible.
-closes of trachea when food and liquid is ingested. - 8describe the larynx in the lower respiratory tract.-also known as voice box and is the opening of the trachea
-holds vocal cords in place (Adam's apple) - 9describe the trachea in the lower respiratory tract.-air passageway to lungs
-held open by cartilage rings
-lined with ciliated mucus membrane
-protects lungs from foreign debris by first trapping it and then sweeping it up - 10describe the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract.-the trachea branches into 2 smaller bronchioles.
-these tubes have small muscle and no cartilaginous rings. - 11describe the alveoli (external respiration)-bronchioles end in groups of sacs (alveoli)
-each alveolus is only 1 layer of epithelial cells.
-gas exchange occurs between the alveoli and the lung capillaries.
-alveoli make up most of the lung tissue
-alveoli secretes lipoprotein to surface tension so they don't close.
-highly vascularized to increase rate of exchange. - 12what are the 2 external structures?-pleural membranes
-diaphragm - 13describe pleural membranes-2 membranes- 1 side sticks to lung, other side to thoracic (chest) cavity.
-thoracic cavity enclosed by ribs, spinal column, sternum and muscles.
-pleural membranes (and pleural fluid in between) prevents lungs from collapsing.
-if air gets into pleural space, lungs will collapse. - 14describe the diaphragm-large dome shaped muscle located directly below the lungs and heart.
-major muscle of respiration.
-contracts and flattens during inhalation forcing air into the lungs.
-relaxes and curves during exhalation. - 15what is the purpose of ventilation aka breathing?-to expel old air and to inhale new air into your lungs. it is a 2-step process.
- 16what is air intake referred to as?-inhalation or inspiration
- 17what is air outflow referred to as?-exhalation or expiration.
- 18is breathing controlled?-usually breathing is controlled unconsciously by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
- 19what do triggers do?-they tell the body when to start inhaling and when to stop.
- 20what are the 2 primary triggers?1) blood pH (indirectly measures CO2)
2) stretch receptors in alveoli (nerves) - 21describe triggers.-low oxygen levels in the blood are not the primary trigger; but high [CO2] is!
-O2 levels are a secondary trigger
-O2 & CO2 levels are detected by carotid bodies and aortic bodies, & specialized receptor nerve cells. - 22describe blood pH-most carbon dioxide is carried in the form of bicarbonate (H2CO3) in the blood.
CO2 + H20--> H2CO3--> H+ + HCO3-
-Bicarbonate dissociates into H+ ions decreasing blood pH
-when blood pH is too low, medulla oblongata is stimulated.
-increased blood acidity results in an increased breathing rate. - 23describe stretch receptors-once lungs expand, stretch receptors in alveolar wall are stimulated and send impulses to brain that signal us to stop inhaling.
-medulla oblongata then sends nerve impulses to chest and diaphragm, causing exhalation. - 24describe the mechanics of breathing.-inhaling and exhaling is based on creating differences in pressure.
-fluids like air move from high pressure areas to low pressure areas.
-when you suck a straw, you are creating a negative pressure.
-the pressure on the fluid then pushes the drink into your mouth. - 25Describe inspiration (inhalation)-diaphragm contracts and lowers.
-rib muscles (intercostals) contract, and rib cage expands upward, and outwards.
-chest cavity size increases. pleural membranes bring lungs with them, so lungs expand.
-creates lower pressure in alveoli
-now lungs have a negative pressure with respect to the atmosphere.
-allows air to rush into lungs. - 26describe expiration (exhalation)-diaphragm relaxes (moves upward)
-intercostals relax; rib cage moves down and inward.
-lungs become smaller; air is pushed out of lungs (due to positive pressure in lungs). - 27what is dead space?-dead space: air in respiration tract where no gas exchange occurs (trachea, bronchi, alveoli etc.)
-not all inhaled air leaves the lungs, or they would collapse. the lower intrapleural pressure keeps the lungs inflated - 28what is residual air?-the volume of air left in lungs after expiration.
- 29what is vital capacity?-maximum amount of air you can inhale and exhale in one breath
- 30what is tidal volume?-the volume of air that goes in and out in a normal breath (250-350 ml).
- 31what is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?-maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled voluntarily.
- 32where is external transport & exchange of C02 and O2?between environment and lungs
- 33where is internal transport & exchange of C02 and O2?between blood and cell.
- 34explain external respiration in the lungs-gas moves as a result of the concentration gradient
- increase [O2] in alveolus causes diffusion of O2 into pulmonary capillary.
-high [CO2] in capillary causes diffusion of CO2 into alveolus. - 35explain internal respiration in the tissues.-O2 is lower in the tissues because it is used up during aerobic cellular respiration.
-therefore, O2 diffuses into the tissues.
-CO2 is higher in the tissues than the blood, so it diffuses from the tissues into the capillary. - 36what are the 3 conditions affecting % of O2 saturation of Hb?-partial pressure
-temperature
-pH - 37what is the effect of partial pressure on %O2 saturation of Hb?-Hb releases O2 at low O2 pressure. (tissues)
-Hb binds with O2 at high O2 pressure (lungs) - 38what is the effect of pH on %O2 saturation of Hb?-in basic environment of the lungs it is easier for O2 to attach to the hemoglobin
-in the slightly more acidic tissues, O2 is released. - 39what is the effect of temperature on %O2 saturation of Hb?-O2 binding with hemoglobin is facilitated in cooler environments.
-as temp increases, it is released.
-temp in the tissues is warmer than in the lungs. - 40describe Oxygen's relation with Hemoglobin.-most 02 is carried by Hb on RBC's
-w/o Hb, blood could only carry 1/60th amount of O2.
-O2 combines with iron portion of Hb
-Hb is a quaternary protein
-each Hb can carry up to 4 O2 molecules
-each RBC has 270 million Hb molecules. - 41describe carbon monoxide (CO)-is a competitive inhibitor. called carbon monoxide poisoning.
-CO can bind with Hb almost irreversibly preventing O2 binding
-only treatment is 100% oxygen. - 42describe the mechanisms of respiratory disorders (diseases).-functional unit of the lung is alveolus
-structure of alveolus gives the lungs an enourmous amount of surface area.
-reduction of surface area will reduce the efficiency of gas exchange and will result in reduced blood oxygen. - 43describe bonchial asthma.-flow of air through bronchioles & bronchi obstructed
-may be due to narrowing of bronchi or amount of fluids in bronchioles
-may be genetic, by allergic response, or environmental pollution.
-treated with medication which causes bronchioles to dilate - 44describe pulmonary tuberculosis.-caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
-immune system creates clusters of cells called tubercles to surround & kill bacteria
-bacteria spreading = more tubercles
-gas exhange cannot occur at tubercles.
-can lead to permanent damage and is contagious. - 45describe pulmonary edema-caused by high BP in pulmonary capillaries
-results in fluid being pushed into alveoli
-interferes with gas exchange at alveoli
-common causes are heart disease or high altitude. - 46describe emphysema-alveoli are damaged by particles from smoke or pollution
-surface area of lungs is reduced
-results in damaged alveoli not working properly and old air becomes trapped leaving no room for fresh air to enter. - 47describe pneumonia-bacterial or viral infection
-results in buildup of fluids in alveoli
-affects people with weak lungs (smokers, elderly) - 48describe cystic fibrosis-genetic disorder caused by one of many different mutations in the CFTR gene.
-usually associated with sticky mucus that plugs airways and alveoli.
-average life span with CF is 48 years - 49describe lung cancer-most common in males. number 1 cause of death in both sexes
-85% of lung cancer is linked to smoking
-can lead to blockage of airways or spread of cancer in body. - 50in which 3 ways does transport of carbon dioxide happen?- a small amount of CO2 dissolves in the plasma
-some CO2 is carried by hemoglobin
-most of CO2 combines with H2O and its transported in blood plasma and is dissolved as a bicarbonate ion. - 51what does carbonic anhydrase do?-it speeds up the rxn, ensuring a net movement of CO2 from tissues to blood
- 52how would H+ affect the blood?-H+ would change blood pH too much
-H+ helps dislodge O2, so it can move into the tissues and attach to the Hb to form reduced Hb, therefore Hb acts as a buffer.
-at the lungs H+ & CO2 are both disloged from Hb by O2.
- H+ recombines with HC03- to form CO2 & H20.
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- FlashCards sobre BIO UNIT 6 Respiratory system (official one), criado por Aalia Mohammad em 04-06-2024.
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