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Flashcards

Astro Final

Charlie Kearney Inglês 44 flashcards

Astro Final

Flashcards do conjunto (44)

  1. 1Identify the different layers of the sun based on the diagramA: Chromoshphere
    B: Radiation Zone
    C: Convection Zone
    D: Core
    E: Photosphere
    F: Corona    Identify the different layers of the sun based on the diagram
  2. 2Describe the physical process that has powered the Sun for the past 5 billion years. Include a diagram of how the process works (all three steps in the chain)Proton-Proton ChainDescribe the physical process that has powered the Sun for the past 5 billion years. Include a diagram of how the process works (all thre...
  3. 3Identify the different bands of electromagnetic radiation based on the diagram.A: Gamma Rays
    B: X-Rays
    C: Ultraviolet Rays
    D: Visible Light
    E: Infrared Radiation
    F: Radio waves    Identify the different bands of electromagnetic radiation based on the diagram.
  4. 4Label the four main layers of the Earth, as shown in the figure.A: Crust
    B: Mantle
    C: Outer Core (Liquid)
    D: Inner Core (Solid    Label the four main layers of the Earth, as shown in the figure.
  5. 5Describe the difference between igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock, and relate the differences to their origins on Earth.Igneous: Come from the cooling/solidification of either magma (beneath earth's surface) or lava (volcanoes)
    Sedimentary: product of erosion, appears layered
    Metamorphic: Product of the Earth changing in structure, whether through mountains or volcanoes forming
  6. 6The Sun contains the fast majority of all mass in the solar system. What prevents the Sun from collapsing under its own immense gravitational weight? Draw a diagram showing the forces involved.The Sun's gravitational force is balanced out by its gradient force, resulting in something called hydrostatic equilibrium.The Sun contains the fast majority of all mass in the solar system. What prevents the Sun from collapsing under its own immense gravitati...
  7. 7What causes the aurora (northern/southern lights)? Why do they mostly occur near the Earth's poles?Aurora is caused by high energy particles colliding with the Earth's atmosphere/coronal mass injections. They mostly occur near the poles because the Earth's magnetic field pushes the particles from the equator towards the poles.
  8. 8If the Earth was hit by an extraordinarily large Coronal Mass Ejection (CME), what is the most extreme consequence that could result for our society? Why?Mass shutdown of technology, as CME's can interfere/harm them. Part of this would be that Earth's technology isn't properly build to withstand an injection of that magnitude.
  9. 9Why does the Moon have so many more impact craters on its surface than Earth?Earth's surface is constantly being reshaped by geological processes such as erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity, which erases impact craters over time.
  10. 10Which of the follwing are objective methods or evidence to demonstrate that the Earth is spherical?Which of the follwing are objective methods or evidence to demonstrate that the Earth is spherical?
  11. 11Which of the three criteria to be a planet did Pluto meet, and which did it fail to meet, that caused Pluto to be classified as a dwarf planet?Met: Orbits the Sun, Spherical
    Failed: Has debris in its orbital path, other planets do not
  12. 12What are at least 4 pieces of evidence about the structure and/or composition of our (or other) solar system that leads scientists to believe that giant planets can migrate through the protoplanetary disk- giant impacts on the moon and mercury
    - observed tilts/eccentricities on planets such as Uranus and Neptune suggest gravitational interactions
    - existence of "hot Jupiters"
    - Mars actual size being much smaller than predicted could be evidence of gravitational interactions
  13. 13Comets are full of volatile ices. Where in the solar system must these objects have formed -- Inside or outside of Jupiter;s current orbit? Why?Outside: It is colder outside of Jupiter's orbit because less sunlight reaches there, causing these volatile ices to be formed.
  14. 14What are two reasons why the Summertime is warmer than the winter?- Because Earth's tilt is on its axis, the Sun is much higher in the sky in the summer, which leads to more solar energy on Earth.
    - Also in the summer, days are longer, so the Earth is exposed to sunlight longer on a day-to-day basis.
  15. 15Does a comet move faster at perihelion or aphelion? Why?Perihelion: At perihelion, the orbit is closer to the Sun and experiences much stronger gravitational effects.
  16. 16What causes Jupiter to have the strongest magnetic field of any solar system planet? Explain both what causes the magnetic field, and how it was created in the first place.Jupiter's magnetic field is from its core, which is made of metallic hydrogen that behaves like a conductor of electricity. The cause is extreme pressure from the gravity/mass of Jupiter.
  17. 17Explain why CO2 (and other gasses) cause the greenhouse effect on Earth: Hint: consider the wavelength of light at different stages and include a diagram of the greenhouse effect on Earth.CO2 and other greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere cause the greenhouse effect by absorbing and reradiating infrared radiation from the Sun. This traps heat and warms the Earth in the process.Explain why CO2 (and other gasses) cause the greenhouse effect on Earth: Hint: consider the wavelength of light at different stages and i...
  18. 18Explain three lines of evidence that argue against the validity of astrology.- The signs of people born today do not match with the actual locations of the constellations in the sky, as they have shifted and are based of the year 0.
    - The locations of the stars in the sky do not dictate personality traits, people often hyperfocus on ones they agree with.
    - There are 13 zodiac constellations, or constellations that lie on the ecliptic, but only 12 zodiac signs in astrology, meaning the whole thing isn't accurate to begin with.
  19. 19Why do we need a leap day every four years?It takes slightly longer than 365 days for the Earth to orbit the Sun (about 1/4 of an extra day)
    After 4 years, there is one day unaccounted for, so leap day realigns our calendar with Earth's orbit around the Sun.
  20. 20What two pieces of information for navigation does observing the star Polaris provide?- Which direction is North, as it is located directly above the North Pole
    - Latitude: The angle between Polaris and the horizon corresponds with the observers latitude (only in the Northern hemisphere)
  21. 21Identify the main regions on the HR DiagramA: White Dwarves
    B: Main Sequence
    C: Giants
    D: Brightness
    E: Temperature    Identify the main regions on the HR Diagram
  22. 22Identify which properties are true for Globular and Open Clusters in the table below.Identify which properties are true for Globular and Open Clusters in the table below.
  23. 23What is the defining distinction between a brown dwarf and a real star?Brown dwarves do not sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen in their cores, while real stars do
  24. 24What will happen to the Sun when it reaches the end of its life on the main sequence? Be sure to include what the Sun becomes, and what it does to the Solar System.Expand into a red giant, shed outer layers as a planetary nebula, and leave behind a white dwarf. Inner planets destroyed; outer orbits disrupted
  25. 25What happens to stars much more massive than the Sun at the end of their lifetime?Supernova, as the core will become iron and energy will stop being released
  26. 26What is an event horizon? Does our Sun have an event horizon around it?A line surrounding a black hole where when crossed, nothing can escape the gravitational pull of the black hole. The sun does not have an event horizon.
  27. 27Consider two stars, Star A is red and B is Blue, Which one has a higher temperature and why?Blue: Wien's Law
  28. 28How is fusion in evolved giant stars different than main sequence stars? Perhaps draw a diagram to assist in the explanation.Main sequence: fusion occurs in single shell in the core, converting H to HE. Energy is stable
    Evolved Giant Stars: fusion occurs in multiple shells around the core, core is composed of heavy elements that cannot undergo fusion    How is fusion in evolved giant stars different than main sequence stars? Perhaps draw a diagram to assist in the explanation.
  29. 29What are at leas three pieces of observational proof that Black Hols exist?- shadow casted radio images
    - objects orbit/gravitational pull on nearby objects
    - accretion disk that heats up and emits x-rays
  30. 30What powers stars as they begin their life (before they reach the main sequence)gravitational potential energy is transformed into light and heat
  31. 31Name and describe the three types of binary systems.Visual Binaries: The two stars can be observed separately through a telescope
    Eclipsing Binaries: One star periodically pass in front of another from our POV, which dims brightness
    Spectroscopic Binaries: detected through doppler shift in spectral lines
  32. 32Will the milky way remain a spiral galaxy forever? Why or why not?Not expected: on collision course with the Andromeda Galaxy
  33. 33Why does star formation occur primarily in the disk of the Galaxy?Star formation occurs primarily in the disk of the Galaxy because the disk contains a higher density of gas and dust.
  34. 34Which is redder—a spiral galaxy or an elliptical galaxy? Why?An elliptical galaxy is redder than a spiral galaxy because elliptical galaxies are composed primarily of older, cooler stars with redder light.
  35. 35Quasars- Quasars are powered by the energy released from matter accreting onto supermassive black holes.
    - Quasars are much more luminous than normal galaxies because they are powered by supermassive black holes at their centers, which are actively accreting matter.
    - Quasars exhibit high redshifts, indicating that they are very distant and that their light has been significantly stretched by the expansion of the universe.
  36. 36Galaxy AgeBlue = young
    Red = old
  37. 37Match the stages of the universe's history to the diagram shownA: The Bing Bang
    B: Recombination
    C: First stars form
    D: Reionization
    E: Earth Forms
  38. 38Which formed first: hydrogen nuclei or hydrogen atoms?Hydrogen nuclei formed first. In the early universe, the temperature was so high that only free nuclei existed.
  39. 39Which of the following is the reason that astronomers believe there must be dark matter throughout the universe?Astronomers believe there must be dark matter because the observed gravitational effects such as the rotation curves of galaxies and the motion of galaxy clusters.
  40. 40What is dark energy and what evidence do astronomers have that it is an important component of the universe?Dark energy is thought to be causing the accelerated expansion of the universe based on observations of distant supernovae.
  41. 41Outline the basic future of the universe including at least three significant events expected to occur.Death of Stars
    Era of Black Holes
    Freeze
  42. 42Would a human have been possible during the first generation of stars that formed right after the Big Bang? Why or why not?No, humans could not have existed because the first generation of stars were composed of hydrogen and helium only.
  43. 43What is a habitable zone?The habitable zone is defined as the distance from a star where a planet's surface temperature would allow for the presence of liquid water.
  44. 44How can a planet’s atmosphere affect the width of the habitable zone in its planetary system?The width of the habitable zone is influenced by a planet's atmosphere through its greenhouse gases, which can enhance the planet's ability to retain heat.

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FlashCards sobre Astro Final, criado por Charlie Kearney em 05-12-2024.
Criado por
Charlie Kearney · dez 2024
Atualizado
5 dez 2024
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