Flashcards
server midterm
Flashcards do conjunto (133)
- 1Which of the following are components of workload characterizationthe number of users expected to use the system, the expected response time of the system
- 2A devices MTTR will give you an idea of______How long a device may take to repair
- 3An AFR of 500% means5 failures per year
- 4AFR –annualized failure rate
- 5to estimate when the next failure on your system may occur it is wise tokeep track of your devices MTBF
- 6which of the following best describes the purpose of network managementa signle point of control to monitor and manage a network system
- 7whats is a backup cataloga database metadata
- 8the three basic reasons for data back aredisaster recovery, archival, compliance
- 9how is a tape library different from a tape drive connected to a servera tape library consists of multiple tape drives plus an automated tape loading system
- 10which of the following best describes deduplicationa storage/backup feature that finds and deletes repetitive data
- 11a differential backup containsonly the files that have changed since the last full backup
- 12what is the main advantage of a differencial backup over an incremental backupdifferential has faster recovery time
- 13although tape backup is no longer commonly used in small companies, large entrepise still use tape libraries because tape gives youhigh density at low price
- 14a syntetic full backup is created from which two of the followingmost recent full backup, most recent differential/incremental backup
- 15when creating a baseline of a network or system it is always essential that you measure peak values as well as____ and ____ valuescurrent and average
- 16monitoring of the network can be divided into basic categoriesmonitoring and analysis of the network traffic and protocols, hardware platforms and opperatting systems and network archiecture
- 17what are the four components of a disaster recovery planemergency plan, backup plan, recovery plan, test plan
- 18describe backup RPO (Recovery Point Objective)A point in time to which application data must be recovered in order to resume business transactions
- 19describe backup RTO (Recovery Time Objective )Maximum allowable time to bring the application back online.
- 20Cloud backupClient agent watches specific folders/files for changes and automatically backs them up
- 21describe cloud synched backupA folder or drive that looks local but is on the remote system
- 22Retention PeriodThe length of time that the backup software prevents the overwriting of a tape
- 23Rotation PeriodThe length of time that a particular backup set is retained on tape before it is overwritten by a new backup set.
- 24The OSI network management model divides network management into five key areasPerformance Management, Configuration Management, Accounting Management, Fault Management, Security Management
- 25Performance ManagementGather performance data on those variables of interest to network administrators. Analyze the data to determine normal (baseline) levels.
- 26Configuration ManagementAutomatic configuration data gathering. Records changes in the configuration, Identifies network components
- 27Accounting ManagementInform users of the costs thus far.Inform users of the expected costs in the future. Set cost limits
- 28Fault ManagementMaintain and examine error logs. Detect, log and notify users
- 29Security ManagementIdentify sensitive network resources (including systems, files, and other entities).Determine mappings between sensitive network resources and user sets.
- 30LAN Based BackupsThe Backup Server is the central control point for all backups, The metadata and backup policies reside in the Backup Server, Storage Nodes control backup devices and are controlled by the Backup Server
- 31SAN Based Backupsdata is moved via a separate backup network or Fibre Channel SAN directly from disk to tape, only the main servers are connected to these fast and expensive networks
- 32Which of the following are benefits of the Windows Volume Shadow Copy technology?"files are not skipped because they were in use
activity such as file changes will not affect the backup" - 33Which of the following sets of data are contained in a Windows full server backup?"all server data
applications
system state" - 34After Windows does a full backup, it defaults to doing what kind of backup of the same data?incremental
- 35You created three files, did a full backup, edited the three files and then did another backup (which was not a full backup). You then recovered these files but only had to do one recover operation. What did Windows have to do automatically to fully recover these files in thier final version?it uses full to restore check the changes with the incremental and changes them
- 36What size of RAID 5 volume would be created if we used four 15G disks to create it?45G
- 37What does it say in the status column of the RAID volume while it is rebuilding?Resynching
- 38When you reboot the Windows server after creating the mirrored partition, what is the second boot option called?Secondary Plex
- 39What is the status of the C: volume in the disk management tool when you boot the Windows mirror after deleting the original system disk?Failed redundancy
- 40What is the array size of your Openfiler 10 RAID array made from four 2G disks?4G
- 41What is the ID type for Linux RAID auto?fd
- 42ROI – Return on investment"ROI = Average Benefit Over Three Years / Initial Cost
amount of value received relative to the amount of money invested " - 43MTBF"mean time between failure
Expected future performance based on past performance
Usually calculated as (total actual operating time/total number of failures)
" - 44Swapping"Move an entire process to disk to reclaim memory
Next time the system runs the process it has to copy it from the disk swap space back into memory" - 45Paging"Move individual pages of process to the disk to reclaim memory
The paging algorithm keeps track of when each page was last used and tries to keep pages that were used recently in memory
" - 46Backup Metadata:Information about the backup data: File names, time of backup, size, permissions, ownership, tracking information
- 47Backup WindowThe time customers have to back up their data, traditionally 6-8 hours in the evening or weekends,
- 48Catalog:A metadata database maintained by the backup server.
- 49Hot Backup:A backup performed while the application (e.g. Exchange, Oracle, SQL, etc.) is still running and providing services to end users. Performance on the application may be somewhat degraded during this operation
- 50Differential Backup"Full backup made regularly but further apart than a full backup strategy
Frequent – only files that have changed since the last FULL backup
" - 51Incremental BackupFrequent – files that have changed since the last FULL OR INCREMENTAL backup
- 52Synthetic Fullscreated from the most recent full backup (i.e., standard or synthetic) and subsequent incremental and/or differential backups
- 53Snapshots"Point in Time” images of live systems
Usually a base image + differences
" - 54: Continuous Data Protection: CDP"Backup system continuously track changes in data
Usually a block-level function but can be file-level
" - 55Replication"keep a second, synchronized copy of data on a separate system
Synchronous
technology does not acknowledge the write from the primary application until the block has been replicated to the target site. Primary and Secondary are identical
Asynchronous replication
acknowledges the write and then replicates that block over time" - 56HSM"Hierarchical Storage Management
Use different types of storage media, (RAID, disk, tape) each representing a different level of cost and speed of retrieval when access is needed.
" - 57Direct-Attached Backups"A tape drive is attached directly to the client
Only metadata goes to the backup server, relieving pressure on the LAN,
" - 58RAID Levels"0 Striped array with no fault tolerance
1 Disk mirroring
Nested RAID (i.e., 1 + 0, 0 + 1, etc.)
3 Parallel access array with dedicated parity disk
4 Striped array with independent disks and a dedicated parity disk
5 Striped array with independent disks and distributed parity
6 Striped array with independent disks and dual distributed parity
" - 59RAID 1:Disk mirroring is good for very fast read operations
- 60RAID 3:"performs poorly when there are a lot of little requests for data, like dbs –
performs well under applications that just want one long sequential data transfer like video servers" - 61RAID 5:preferred for messaging, data mining, medium-performance media serving and Relational database management systems in
- 62RAID 6:RAID-6 is seen in environments, and solutions that require long data retention periods, such as data archiving, or disk-based backup
- 63IOPSThe most common measurement of a storage systems overall performance
- 64Standard RAID penalties"RAID 0
Read penalty = 1 _ Write penalty = 1
RAID 1 and 10
Read penalty = 1 _ Write penalty = 2
RAID 5
Read penalty = 1 _ Write penalty = 4
RAID 6
Read penalty = 1 _ Write penalty = 6
" - 65ClusteringComputers grouped together to provide transparent network resources to a that can be managed as a whole
- 66High Performance Clustering (HPC)"Connect multiple nodes together to add resources
Distributed computing
different parts of a program run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network
Parallel computing
simultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster " - 67Grid computing (similar to high performance clustering)"grids connect collections of computers which do not fully trust each other
Use unused resources like disk space or cpu cycles" - 68High Availability Clustering (HA Clustering)two or more systems configured to monitor each other’s health and take action when a fault occurs
- 69Failover Cluster increases availabilityIf a node becomes unavailable another node can provide its service
- 70Load Balancing increases scalability and availabilityeach node is configured to provide the same service
- 71Asymmetric Cluster Architecture"Also called active/passive clustering
Failover Clustering is most common type of Asymmetric Clustering
Primary node provides service to clients
Secondary or Standby node is idle (can be a less efficient system than the primary)
In the event of a failure, the standby server takes over handling all client requests" - 72NodeComputer that is a member of the cluster
- 73PrimaryProvides cluster resources to clients during normal operations
- 74Secondary or StandbyProvides cluster resources to clients during failure conditions
- 75Quorum (witness)Configuration information for the cluster
- 76HeartbeatA message sent between cluster nodes at regular intervals to determine node availability
- 77Heartbeat networkA private network used for heartbeat communication – no other traffic
- 78Cluster Virtual Name or Network nameName used by clients to access the resources of the cluster
- 79Cluster Virtual IPIP address used by clients to access the resources of the cluster
- 80ResourceService provided by the cluster
- 81OwnerNode currently in control of the resources
- 82Shared Database"Similar to a shared disk
A set of web servers front ends a database server
dynamic web content can be created from the shared database server" - 83Symmetric Cluster"Also called active/active
Every server in the cluster performs active work
If one server fails the other servers in the cluster continue processing client requests" - 84Load Balancing Cluster Algorithms"Round-robin.
Weighted round-robin.
Least-connection.
Load-based. " - 85Round-robin."distributes the load equally to each server, regardless of the current number of connections or the response time
suitable when the servers in the cluster have equal processing capabilities; otherwise, some servers may receive more requests than they can process while others are using only part of their resources." - 86Weighted round-robin."accounts for the different processing capabilities of each server.
Administrators manually assign a performance weight to each server, and a scheduling sequence is generated " - 87Least-connection.sends requests to servers in a cluster, based on which server is currently serving the fewest connections.
- 88Load-based.sends requests to servers in a cluster, based on which server currently has the lowest load.
- 89Network/Server ManagementA single point of control to monitor and manage a networked system
- 90Performance ManagementISO's category for optimizing quality of service
- 91BaselineMeasuring the normal conditions of a Network or System through all stages of load
- 92Fault ToleranceThe term for preventing outages
- 93ROIamount of value received relative to the amount of money invested
- 94MTBFAverage life span of a component
- 95MTTRThe average amount of time that it takes to repair a component
- 96AFRYearly failure rate written as a percentage
- 97HALess than 8.8 hours of downtime per year
- 98Workload CharacterizationNumber of User's a system can support and expected response time
- 99Disaster Recovery Plana written plan describing the steps a company or individual would take to restore computer operations in the event of a disaster
- 100RPOThe point, to which applications must be recovered in order to get the business back online after a disaster
- 101RTOMaximum allowable time to bring the applications (RPO) back online after a disaster
- 102Backup MetadataInformation about the backup data
- 103Backup CatalogueA metadata database maintained by the backup server
- 104Hot BackupA backup performed while the application is running
- 105Differentialonly files that have changed since the last FULL backup
- 106Incrementalfiles that have changed since the last FULL OR INCREMENTAL backup
- 107Synthetic fulla full backup created on the backup device from full and incremental or differentials
- 108Snapshots“Point in Time” images of live systems
- 109CDPBackup system continuously track changes in data
- 110Replicationkeep a second, synchronized copy of data on a separate system
- 111HSMUse different types of storage media, (RAID, disk, tape) each representing a different level of cost and speed of retrieval when access is needed.
- 112Deduplicationfind and delete duplicated on the storage system
- 113SANA network that moves storage data only, not client data
- 114Rule 3-2-1You should have at least 3 backup copies on a couple of different media with at least one of those copies offsite
- 115Cloud SynchedA backup folder or drive that looks local but is on the cloud
- 116SAN backup architectureBackup data is moved via a separate network designed for storage only
- 117Write penaltyThe number of extra operations it takes to perform a write on a RAID system
- 118Disk IOPS1 / (average latency in seconds + average seek time in seconds)
- 119Multicast cluster MACeach host in the cluster retains it's own MAC address as well as the MAC address of the cluster
- 120RAID 0Striped array with no fault tolerance
- 121RAID 3RAID that performs well under applications that just want one long sequential data transfer like video servers
- 122RAID 5RAID that has a write penalty of 4
- 123RAID 6RAID that can withstand the loss of two disks
- 124IOPSThe most common measurement of a storage systems overall performance
- 125Distributed Computer Clusteringdifferent parts of a program run simultaneously on two or more computers that are communicating with each other over a network
- 126Parallel Computer Clusteringsimultaneous execution of the same task (split up and specially adapted) on multiple processors in order to obtain results faster
- 127Load Balancingeach node in the cluster is configured to provide the same service
- 128Quorum›Configuration information for the cluster
- 129Heartbeat›A message sent between cluster nodes at regular intervals to determine node availability
- 130Symmetric ClusterEvery server in the cluster performs active work
- 131Asymmetric ClusterAlso called active/passive clustering
- 132Round Robin cluster algorithm›distributes the load equally to each server in the cluster, regardless of the current number of connections or the response time
- 133Least-Connection cluster algorithmsends requests to servers in a cluster, based on which server is currently serving the fewest connections