Flashcards
GIS TEST
Flashcards do conjunto (80)
- 1MetadataInformation about a data set. It may include the source of the data; its creation date and format; its
projection, scale, resolution, and accuracy; and its reliability with regard to some standard - 2Geographic Information System (GISAn organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographic
data, and personnel designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display all forms of
geographically referenced information. - 3Global Positioning System (GPS- A satellite based device that records x,y,z coordinates and other data. Ground
locations are calculated by signals from satellites orbiting the Earth. GPS devices can be taken into the field to
record data while walking, driving, or flying. - 4BufferA zone of a specified distance around a feature.
- 5Computer Aided Design (CADAn automated system for the design, drafting and display of graphically oriented
information - 6DatabaseA logical collection of interrelated information, managed and stored as a unit. A GIS database includes
data about the spatial location and shape of geographic features recorded as points, lines, and polygons as well as
their attributes. - 7Digital Elevation Model (DEM)Terrain elevation data provided in digital form.
- 8Geocode -The process of identifying a location by one or more attributes from a base layer.
- 9LayerA logical set of thematic data described and stored in a map library. Layers act as digital transparencies that
can be laid atop one another for viewing or spatial analysis - 10Ortho ImageryAerial photographs that have been rectified to produce an accurate image of the Earth by removing
tilt and relief displacements, which occurred when the photo was taken. - 11PolygonA multisided figure that represents area on a map. Polygons have attributes that describe the geographic
feature they represent. - 12ScaleThe ratio or relationship between a distance or area on a map and the corresponding distance or area on the
ground. - 13Spatial Analysisthe process of modeling, examining, and interpreting model results. Spatial analysis is useful for
evaluating suitability and capability, for estimating and predicting, and for interpreting and understanding - 14Structured Query Language (SQLA syntax for defining and manipulating data from a relational database.
Developed by IBM in the 1970s, it has become an industry standard for query languages in most relational database
management systems. - 15georeferencingAssigning coordinates from a known reference system, such as latitude/longitude, UTM,
or State Plane, to the page coordinates of a raster (image) or a planar map.
Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with other
geographic data - 16clipThe spatial extraction of features from one geographic layer that reside entirely within a
boundary defined by features in another geographic layer - 17annotationDescriptive text used to label map features. In ArcGIS, annotation may be generated from
labels or manually entered by the user. - 18ArcInfo .E00 fileAn ArcInfo interchange format used to transfer coverages, grids and tins between
machines. Also known as an export format. - 19ArcSDE“Software that works in conjunction with a database management system (DBMS) to
allow client applications to store, manage and query spatial data. ArcSDE works with the
following commercial database management system - 20American Standard Code for Information InterchangThe 7-bit
(128 characters) used as a computer's alphabet. The Latin alphabet character set encoded
into digital values between 0 and 127 includes lowercase and uppercase letters, the
numerals 0-9, English punctuation marks, special symbols (such as @#$%^&*) and nondisplaying
characters often used as printer control codes - 21base mapA map containing visible surface features and boundaries, essential for locating
additional layers or types of georeferenced information - 22Boolean expression“An expression that can be reduced to a true or false (logical) condition
- 23buffer“A zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time. A buffer is useful
for proximity analysis - 24CADComputer Aided Design. An automated system for the design, drafting and display of
graphically oriented information. - 25cardinality“A property of a relationship. Cardinality describes how many objects of type A are
associated with how many objects of type B. Relationships can have many-to-one, oneto-one,
one-to-many, and many-to-many cardinalities.” - 26cartographyThe design, compilation, art or science of making maps.
- 27choropleth mapA map consisting of areas of equal value separated by abrupt boundarie
- 28columnA vertical list of data values or display cells in a raster object or display
- 29continuous dataA surface for which each location has a specified or derivable value (e.g. - surface
elevation, temperature, precipitation). Typically represented by a TIN or lattice. - 30contour mapA topographic map that uses contour lines to portray relief. Contour lines join points of
equal elevation or simply lines on any other isomorphic map (such as temperature
isolines on a weather map) that identify levels of a parameter at specified, discrete
intervals. - 31coordinate systemA reference system for defining precise locations on the earth's surface. Coordinate
systems may be independent of or tied to a particular map projection - 32data frame“In ArcMap, a map element that defines a geographic extent, a page extent, a coordinate
system, and other display properties for one or more layers in ArcMap. A dataset can be
represented in one or more data frames. In data view, only one data frame is displayed at
a time; in layout view, all a map's data frames are displayed at the same time - 33databaseA logical collection of interrelated information managed and stored as a unit, usually on
some form of mass storage system. A GIS database includes data about the Spatial
locations and shape of geographic features recorded as points, lines, pixels, grid cells or
tins as well as their attributes. - 34datumA set of parameters and control points used to accurately define the three dimensional
shape of the earth (e.g. as a spheroid). The datum is the basis of planar coordinate system.
For example the North American Datum for 1983 (NAD83) is the datum for map
projections and coordinates within the United States and throughout North America - 35DEM or Digital Elevation Model“The representation of continuous elevation values over a topographic surface by a
regular array of z-values, referenced to a common datum. Typically used to represent
terrain relief - 36discrete dataGeographic features containing boundaries: point, line or area boundaries.
- 37domainA group of computers and devices on a network that are administered as a unit with
common rules and procedures. Within the Internet, a domain is defined by IP address - 38eastingThe distance east that a point in a coordinate system lies from the origin, measured in
that system's units. 2) The x-value in a rectangular coordinate system - 39ERDASEarth Resources Data Analysis System. A first-generation, raster-oriented microcomputer
image processing and GIS system marketed by ERDAS, Inc. - 40extensionIn ArcGIS, an optional software module that adds specialized tools and functionality to
ArcGIS Desktop. ArcGIS Network Analyst, ArcGIS StreetMAP, and ArcGIS Business
Analyst are examples of ArcGIS extensions. - 41extrusion“Projecting features in a two-dimensional data layer into three-dimensional space: points
become vertical lines, lines become walls, and polygons become solid blocks. Uses of
extrusion include showing the depth of well point features or the height of building
footprint polygons - 42feature“A representation of a real-world object on a map. Features can be represented in a GIS
as vector data (points, lines, or polygons) or as cells in a raster data format. To be
displayed in a GIS, features must have geometry and locational information. - 43feature classA collection of geographic features with the same geometry type (such as point, line, or
polygon), the same attributes, and the same spatial reference. Feature classes can stand
alone within a geodatabase or be contained within shape files, coverages, or other feature
datasets - 44feature datasetA collection of feature classes stored together that share the same spatial reference; that
is, they have the same coordinate system, and their features fall within a common
geographic area - 45geodatabase“An object-oriented data model introduced by ESRI that represents geographic features
and attributes as objects and the relationships between objects but is hosted inside a
relational database management system - 46geographic coordinate system“A reference system that uses latitude and longitude to define the locations of points on
the surface of a sphere or spheroid - 47georeferencing“Assigning coordinates from a known reference system, such as latitude/longitude, UTM,
or State Plane, to the page coordinates of a raster (image) or a planar map.
Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with other
geographic data - 48geoprocessinA GIS operation used to manipulate data stored in a GIS workspace. A typical
geoprocessing operation takes an input dataset, performs an operation on that dataset, and
returns the result of the operation as an output dataset. Common geoprocessing
operations are geographic feature overlay, feature selection and analysis, topology
processing, and data conversion - 49graduated color map“A map that uses a range of colors to indicate a progression of numeric values.
- 50graduated symbol map“A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they
represent - 51ground truthInformation collected at the same site and at the same time as a remote sensing system is
collecting data. Ground truth is considered more accurate, and is used to interpret and
calibrate remotely sensed observations. - 52GUIA software display format of the input and output of a program that lets the user choose
commands by pointing to icons, dialog boxes, and lists of menu items on the screen,
typically using a mouse - 53histogramA graph showing the distribution of values in a set of data. Individual values are
displayed along a horizontal axis, and the frequency of their occurrence is displayed
along a vertical axis. - 54interpolationThe estimation of surface values at unsampled points based on known surface values of
surrounding points. Interpolation can be used to estimate elevation, rainfall, temperature,
chemical dispersion, or other spatially-based phenomena. Interpolation is commonly a
raster operation, but it can also be done in a vector environment using a TIN surface
model. There are several well-known interpolation techniques, including inverse distance
weighted and kriging - 55intersectThe topological integration of two spatial data sets that preserves features that fall within
the spatial extent common to both input data sets - 56isopleth map (isoline)A map displaying the distribution of an attribute in terms of lines connecting points of
equal value. Examples include contour maps and weather maps depicting lines of
temperature or precipitation changes. - 57join) Appending the fields of one table to those of another through an attribute or field
common to both tables. A join is usually used to attach more attributes to the attribute
table of a geographic layer. 2) The process of connecting two or more separate spatial
entities. If two line segments are joined, they become one spatial object for further
processing.” - 58Lidar or light intensity detection and rangingLidar uses lasers to measure distances to reflective surfaces
- 59map generalizationThe process of reducing details on a map because of a reduction the map scale. The
process can be semi - automated for certain kinds of data, such as topographical features,
but requires more insight of the thematic maps. - 60map queryThe process of selecting information from a GIS by asking spatial or logical questions of
the geographic data. Spatial query is the process of selecting features based on location or
spatial relationship (e.g. select all features with 300 feet of another, point a set of feature
to select there). - 61map scaleThe relationship that exists between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance
on the earth. It may be expressed as an equivalence, one inch equals 16 statute miles; as a
fraction or ratio, 1:1,000,000; or as a bar graph subdivided to show the distance that each
of its parts represents on the earth. - 62mosaicA large image assembled from segments. Each segment may come from a different
source and have a different cell size and angle of orientation, but all the segments must be
geometrically rectified and calibrated to a common coordinate framework. The mosaic
process rotates and re-scales each piece and creates a single combined object - 63null value“The absence of a recorded value for a geographic feature. A null value differs from a
value of zero in that zero may represent the measure of an attribute, while a null value
indicates that no measurement has been taken - 64orthophotograph or orthophotoAn air photo that has been scanned, rectified, and reconstructed to represent its features in
a map projection or at least in a flat rectangular form without the usual distortions of
geometry and perspective. Usually orthophotos are prepared from very high resolution
stereo pairs. - 65overlayA transparent layer placed on an underlying image. The overlay is
where symbols, annotations, or image traces can be created or displayed without
changing the underlying image - 66personal geodatabaseA geodatabase that stores data in a single-user relational database management system.
A personal geodatabase can be read simultaneously by several users, but only one user at
a time can write data into it. - 67photogrammetry“The science of making reliable measurements of physical objects and the environment
by measuring and plotting electromagnetic radiation data from aerial photographs and
remote sensing systems against land features identified in ground control surveys,
generally in order to produce planimetric, topographic, and contour maps - 68planar coordinate system“A two-dimensional measurement system that locates features on a map based on their
distance from an origin (0,0) along two axes, a horizontal x-axis representing east–west
and a vertical y-axis representing north–south - 69projected coordinate systemA reference system used to locate x,y, and z positions of point, line, and area features in
two or three dimensions. A projected coordinate system is defined by a geographic
coordinate system, a map projection, any parameters needed by the map projection, and a
linear unit of measure - 70precisionIt refers to the number of significant digits used to store numbers and in particular,
coordinate value. Precision is important for feature representation, analysis and mapping - 71qualitative data“Data classified or shown by kind, rather than by amount or rank, such as soil by type or
animals by species. - 72quantitative data“Data grouped or shown by measurements of number or amount, such as population per
unit area.” - 73queryA request that selects features or records from a database. A query is often written as a
statement or logical expression - 74range domainA type of attribute domain that defines the range of permissible values for a numeric
attribute. For example, the permissible range of values for a pipe diameter could be
between one and 32 inches - 75raster“A spatial data model that defines space as an array of equally sized cells arranged in
rows and columns. Each cell contains an attribute value and location coordinates. Unlike
a vector structure, which stores coordinates explicitly, raster coordinates are contained in
the ordering of the matrix. Groups of cells that share the same value represent geographic
features.” - 76relative path“In computing, the location of a computer file given in relation to the current working
directory. For example, in ArcMap, a path to the data source of a layer contained in a
map document (.mxd file) may be set relative to the location of the map document; in
geoprocessing, a path to a source of information referenced by a tool in a toolbox may be
set relative to the location of the toolbox.” - 77shapefile“A vector data storage format for storing the location, shape, and attributes of geographic
features. A shapefile is stored in a set of related files and contains one feature class.” - 78spatial join“A type of table join operation in which fields from one layer's attribute table are
appended to another layer's attribute table based on the relative locations of the features
in the two layers - 79vectorA coordinate-based data model that represents geographic features as points, lines,
and polygons. Each point feature is represented as a single coordinate pair, while line and
polygon features are represented as ordered lists of vertices. Attributes are associated
with each feature, as opposed to a raster data model, which associates attributes with grid
cells. 2) Any quantity that has both magnitude and direction.” (ESRI – GIS Dictionary
online) - 80TINTriangulated Irregular Network. A surface representation derived from irregularly spaces,
sample point and breakline features. The tin dataset includes topological relationship
between points and their neighboring triangles. Each sample point has an x, y coordinate
and a surface or z value. These points are connected by edges to form a set of non
overlapping triangles used to represent the surface. Tins are also called irregular
triangular mesh or irregular triangular surface model.
Informações
- Descrição
- 2 bio 7- remainder FlashCards sobre GIS TEST, criado por nar w em 27-05-2016.
- Criado por
- nar w
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