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Flashcards

The back

Lou Clark Anatomy & SF2 Year 1 Inglês 200 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (200)

  1. 1How many vertebrae make up and adult vertebral column?33 vertebrae
  2. 2How many vertebrae are found in each of the five vertebral regions?1. Cervical = 7
    2. Thoracic = 12
    3. Lumbar = 5
    4. Sacral = 5
    5. Coccygeal = 4
  3. 3Why is significant movement only possible in the superior 25 vertebrae?The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum and coccyx
  4. 4Which vertebra is the largest?L5
  5. 5Which vertebral curvatures are kyphoses?Thoracic and sacral (concave anteriorly)
  6. 6Which vertebral curvatures are lordoses?Cervical and lumbar
    (concave posteriorly)
  7. 7What vertebral curvatures are primary curvatures?Kyphoses = thoracic and sacral
  8. 8The nature of what structure is largely responsible for maintenance of the kyphoses (primary curvatures) of the vertebral column?The difference in height between the anterior and posterior parts of the vertebrae.
  9. 9The nature of what structure is largely responsible for maintenance of the kyphoses (primary curvatures) of the vertebral column?Differences in thickness between the anterior and posterior parts of the IV disc.
  10. 10At what point in infancy does the cervical curvature become apparent?When the infant begins to hold its head erect
  11. 11At what point in infancy does the lumbar curvature become apparent?When the infant begins to walk and stands upright
  12. 12Why is the sacral curvature less pronounced in women?So the coccyx protrudes less into the pelvic outlet = birth canal
  13. 13What part of a vertebra gives strength to the vertebral column and supports body weight?Vertebral body
  14. 14What covers the majority of the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies?Hyaline cartilage
  15. 15Where on the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies is not covered by a layer a hyaline cartilage?Epiphyseal rim (smooth bone around periphery)
  16. 16What does the hyaline cartilage on the surface of vertebral bodies allow?Some movement of fluid between IV discs and capillaries in the vertebral body
  17. 17What processes form the vertebral arch?1. Pedicles
    2. Laminae
  18. 18What structure is formed between the interior surfaces of the vertebral arch and the posterior surface of the vertebral body?Vertebral foramen
  19. 19What is the name given to the space created by the succession of vertebral foramen?Vertebral canal
  20. 20What does the vertebral canal contain?1. Spinal cord
    2. Meninges
    3. Fat
    4. Spinal nerve roots
    5. Vessels
  21. 21What is the name given to the indentations made between the posterior projection of the vertebral body and the articular process, found superior and inferior to the pedicles?Superior and inferior vertebral notches
  22. 22What do superior and inferior notches of adjacent vertebrae combine to form?Intervertebral foramina
  23. 23What is found in the IV foramina?1. Passage to spinal nerve roots
    2. Vessels
    3. Spinal ganglia
  24. 24What are the seven processes that arise from the vertebral arch of a typical vertebra?1. Spinous process
    2. x2 transverse processes
    3. x2 superior articular processes
    4. x2 inferior articular processes
  25. 25What name is given to the joint between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae?Zygapophysial joints
  26. 26What parts of the vertebrae are important for muscles attachment and movement (acting as levers)?Spinous and transverse processes
  27. 27What part of the superior surface of the vertebral body of a typical cervical vertebra articulates with a superior vertebra?Uncus (uncinate process)
  28. 28Describe the nature of the surfaces of the vertebral bodies of typical cervical vertebrae.Superior surface: concave between uncinate processes
    Inferior surface: convex
  29. 29What name is given to the intervertebral joint formed between vertebral bodies of typical cervical vertebrae?Uncovertebral joint
  30. 30Describe the appearance of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra.Large and triangular
  31. 31What characteristic structure is found in the transverse processes of typical cervical vertebrae (small or absent in C7)?Transverse foramen
  32. 32What pass through the transverse foramen of typical cervical vertebrae?1. Vertebral arteries
    2. Venous plexus
    3. Sympathetic plexus
  33. 33Describe the ends of the transverse processes of typical cervical vertebrae?Have anterior and posterior tubercles, with a groove for a spinal nerve between the tubercles.
  34. 34Which cervical vertebrae have bifid spinous processes?C2-C5
  35. 35Which cervical vertebra has the longest spinous process?C7
  36. 36What name is given to C1?Atlas
  37. 37What name is given to C2?Axis
  38. 38What connects the two lateral masses of atlas?Anterior and posterior arches
  39. 39Which cervical vertebra does not have a vertebral body or spinous process?C1 atlas
  40. 40What two joints are formed by the articular surfaces on the lateral masses of C1?Superiorly: atlanto-occipital joint
    Inferiorly: lateral atlanto-axial joint
  41. 41What forms the median atlanto-axial joint?Between dens (of axis) and facet for dens on anterior arch of atlas
  42. 42What does the dens articulate with anteriorly and posteriorly?Anteriorly: facet for dens
    Posteriorly: transverse ligament of atlas
  43. 43Which cervical vertebra is the strongest?Axis
  44. 44What shape are the typical vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebrae?Heart-shaped
  45. 45What is found on the more postero-lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies of thoracic vertebrae?Superior and inferior costal facets (for articulation with head of ribs)
  46. 46How do the vertebral foramen of thoracic vertebra compare to those of cervical and lumbar regions?More circular and smaller
  47. 47How does the length of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae change as you move from T1-T12?Length diminishes
  48. 48Which thoracic vertebrae have transverse costal facets for articulation with the tubercle of ribs?T1-T10
  49. 49What direction do the superior articular processes of thoracic vertebrae face?Posteriorly and slightly laterally
  50. 50What direction do the inferior articular facets of the thoracic vertebrae face?Anteriorly and slightly medially
  51. 51Describe the structure of the spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae?Long, slope postero-inferiorly overlapping subjacent vertebral body
  52. 52What shape are the typical vertebral bodies of lumbar vertebrae when viewed superiorly?Kidney-shaped
  53. 53What shape are the vertebral formate of lumbar vertebrae? How do they compare in size to that of cervical and thoracic vertebrae?Triangular
    Larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical
  54. 54What is found on the posterior surface of the base of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae?Accessory process
  55. 55What is found on the posterior surface of the superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae?Mammillary process
  56. 56In what direction do the superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae face?Posteromedially (or medially)
  57. 57In what direction do the inferior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae face?Anterolaterally (or laterally)
  58. 58Describe the nature of the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae.Short and sturdy, hatchet-shaped
  59. 59What is the name given to the projecting anterior edge of the body of S1?Sacral promontory
  60. 60How many anterior and posterior sacral foramina are there?4
  61. 61What passes through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?Anterior and posterior rami of first 4 sacral nerves and accompanying vessels
  62. 62What do the fused spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae form?Median sacral crest
  63. 63What do the fused articular processes of the sacral vertebrae form on the posterior surface of the sacrum?Intermediate sacral crests
  64. 64What do the fused transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae form on the posterior surface of the sacrum?Lateral sacral crests
  65. 65The absence of what structures allows the formation of the sacral hiatus?Laminae and spinous processes of S4 and S5
  66. 66What do the sacral cornua represent?Inferior articular processes of S5
  67. 67What is the most superior spinous process that is visible? What name is it given?C7
    Vertebra prominens
  68. 68What vertebra is typically the most prominent?T1
  69. 69What is the name given to the indentation overlying the spinous process in the lumbar region?Posterior median furrow
  70. 70At what spinal level is the supracristal plane?L4/L5 IV disc, crossing highpoint of iliac crests
  71. 71What do the skin dimples superolateral to the intergluteal cleft mark the point of?Posterior superior iliac spine
  72. 72What marks the level of S2?Line drawn between the skin dimples of the PSIS
  73. 73Where is the sacral hiatus palpated?Superior part of intergluteal cleft
  74. 74What forms the sacral triangle?Line drawn between PSIS skin dimples to superior part of intergluteal cleft
  75. 75What type of joint is found between vertebral bodies?Symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joint)
  76. 76What is the name of the fibrous outer part of the IV disc?Anulus fibrosus
  77. 77What is the name given to the central gelatinous part of the IV disc?Nucleus pulposus
  78. 78Describe the structure of the anulus fibrosus of the IV discs.Rings of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage. Fibres of lamellae run obliquely and at right angles to adjacent lamellae
  79. 79Describe what happens to the nuclei pulposi with age?They dehydrate, losing elastin and proteoglycans and replacing them with collagen. Lose turgor becoming dry, granular, thinner, stiffer and more resistant to deformation.
  80. 80What is the result on the workload of the IV disc due to nuclei pulposi dehydration with age?Anuli assumes greater share of the vertical load = stresses and strains
  81. 81What changes occur in the lamellae of the anulus fibrosus with age?Thicken with age, often developing fissures and cavities
  82. 82Why are the nuclei pulposi more posteriorly placed in the IV disc than centred?The lamellae of the anulus are thinner and less numerous posteriorly.
  83. 83How does the nuclei pulposi receive nourishment?It is avascular so receives via diffusion from blood vessels at the periphery of the anulus fibrosus and the vertebral body.
  84. 84Between which two non-fused vertebra is there no IV disc?C1 and C2
  85. 85Between which two vertebrae is the most inferior IV disc found?L5 and S1
  86. 86In which region are the intervertebral discs thinnest?Superior thoracic (+thoracic)
  87. 87What feature of the IV disc produces the secondary curvatures of cervical and lumbar regions?Thicker anteriorly than posteriorly
  88. 88The uncovertebral joints are frequent sites of what pathology?Bone spurs causing neck pain
  89. 89Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament of the back found?Anterior surface of vertebral bodies and IV discs. Extends from anterior tubercle of C1and occipital bone anterior to foramen magnum, to pelvic surface of sacrum
  90. 90What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?Maintains stability of IV joints. Limits extension of vertebral column
  91. 91Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament of the back found?Within vertebral canal on posterior aspect of vertebral bodies and IV discs.
  92. 92What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?Prevents hyeprflexion of vertebral column and prevents herniation of IV discs.
  93. 93What type of joint are the zygapophysial joints?Synovial joints
  94. 94What is the spinal innervation to the zygapophysial joints?Articular branches of medial branches of posterior rami of spinal cord. Receives innervation from two spinal nerves (superiorly and inferiorly)
  95. 95What joins the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?Ligamenta flava
  96. 96What forms the alternating section of the posterior wall of the vertebral canal?Laminae of vertebrae and ligamenta flava (+ overlying posterior longitudinal ligament)
  97. 97What is the function of the ligamenta flava?Resist separation of laminae of vertebral column by stopping abrupt flexion of the vertebral column. Prevents injury to IV discs. Helps maintain posture and assist with straightening the column after flexion.
  98. 98What unites the spinal processes of adjacent vertebrae?Weak interspinous ligament and the strong fibrous supraspinous ligament.
  99. 99Where is the supraspinous ligament found?Thickened posterior border of the interspinous ligament?
  100. 100What is the supraspinous ligament continuous with superiorly in the cervical region?Nuchal ligament
  101. 101Where does the nuchal ligament extend from and to?Extends from external occipital protuberance (and posterior border of foramen magnum) to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae continuous with the supraspinous ligament at C7.
  102. 102What serves as the muscle attachment surface at the level of C3-C5? Why?Nuchal ligament. Due to the shortness of the spinous processes of C3-C5
  103. 103What two joints are craniovertebral joints?1. Atlanto-occipital
    2. Atlanto-axial
  104. 104What type of joints are the craniovertebral joints?Synovial joints
  105. 105What are the main movement of the atlanto-occipital joint?Nodding of the head (flexion and extension), mainly flexion with a little lateral flexion (sideways tilting of head)
  106. 106What ligaments are found between the foramen magnum and C1?Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes (from anterior/posterior arches of C1 to foramen magnum)
  107. 107What is the function of the anterior/posterior atlanto-occipital membranes?Event excessive movement of atlanto-occipital joint
  108. 108What are the three atlanto-axial joints?1. x2 lateral atlanto-axial joints
    2. x1 median atlanto-axial joint
  109. 109What type of joint are the atlanto-axial joints?Lateral atlanto-axial: plane-type synovial
    Median atlanto-axial: pivot
  110. 110What movement do the atlanto-axial joints allow?Rotation of head (shaking of head)
  111. 111What holds the dens in a socket?Anterior arch of C1 and transverse ligament of the atlas
  112. 112What forms the cruciate ligament of the vertebral column?1. Transverse ligament of the the atlas
    2. Superior and inferior longitudinal bands (weak bands to occipital bone and C2)
  113. 113Where are the alar ligaments of the vertebral column found?Connect sides of the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum. Short cord-like ligaments.
  114. 114What is the function of the alar ligaments?Serve as check ligaments preventing excessive rotation of atlanto-axial joints
  115. 115What is the tectorial membrane?Strong superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament that runs from the body of C2 to the internal surface of the occipital bone. Found posterior to cruciate ligament.
  116. 116Why are movements of the cervical region particularly free?1. Relative thickness of IV discs compared to size of vertebrae
    2. Zygapophysial joints have relatively large joint planes and are horizontal
    3. Loose zygapophysial joints
    4. Neck is slender, little surrounding bulk tissue
  117. 117What are the major cervical and regional arteries supplying the vertebrae?1. Vertebral and ascending cervical arteries in the neck
    2. Posterior intercostal arteries in thorax
    3. Subcostal and lumbar arteries in abdomen
    4. Iliolumbar and lateral & medial sacral arteries in pelvis
  118. 118What are the names of the small arteries arising from spinal branches that cross the external surface of the vertebrae to supply the bone?1. Periosteal branches
    2. Equatorial branches
  119. 119Where do spinal branches of arteries supplying the vertebrae arise/travel?Arise alongside vertebral bodies entering IV foramina.
  120. 120What do spinal branches of the arteries supplying the vertebrae divide into?Divide into anterior and posterior vertebral canal branches (within vertebral canal)
  121. 121What do ascending and descending branches of anterior/posterior vertebral canal arteries do?Anastomose with ascending/descending branches from other superior/inferior spinal levels
  122. 122What are the terminal continuations of spinal branches of arteries supplying the vertebrae? What do they supply?1. Radicular arteries (supply roots of spinal nerves)
    2. Segmental medullary arteries (supply spinal cord)
  123. 123What type of arteries do the anterior vertebral canal branches of spinal arteries supply to the vertebral body?Nutrient arteries
  124. 124What plexus do spinal veins form within the vertebral canal?Anterior and posterior internal vertebral epidural venous plexus (including anterior and posterior longitudinal sinuses)
  125. 125What plexus do spinal veins form outside the vertebral canal?Anterior and posterior external vertebral venous plexus
  126. 126What veins drain the vertebral bodies? Where do they exit and drain into?Basivertebral veins.
    Exit via foramina on surfaces of vertebral bodies (mainly drain to internal vertebral venous plexus)
  127. 127Where do the intervertebral veins drain from and to?Drain blood from internal vertebral venous plexus and spinal cord, they pass through IV foramina to drain into vertebral veins of the neck or segmental veins of the trunk.
  128. 128What arteries supply the vertebral column?Meningeal branches if spinal nerves
  129. 129What do the recurrent branches of the meningeal nerves supply in the vertebrae?1. Periosteum, ligamenta flava, anuli fibrosi posteriorly
    2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
    3. Spinal dura mater
    4. Bloods vessels within vertebral canal
  130. 130What do the external branches of the meningeal nerves supply in the vertebrae?1. Anterior aspect of anuli fibrosi
    2. Anterior longitudinal ligament
  131. 131At what spinal level does the spinal cord terminate in a newborn?L2/L3 IV disc
  132. 132At what spinal level does the spinal cord terminate in an adult?L1/L2 IV disc usually (but may terminate T12-L3)
  133. 133What is the name given to the tapering end of the spinal cord associated with sacral coccygeal nerves and ganglia?Conus medullaris
  134. 134What are the two enlargements of the spinal cord? Why are they enlarged?1. Cervical enlargement
    2. Lumbosacral enlargement
    For innervation of the limbs
  135. 135Which spinal roots are associated with the cervical enlargement?C4-T1 = brachial plexus
  136. 136Which spinal nerves are associated with the lumbosacral enlargement?L1-S3
  137. 137What nerves roots form the cauda equina?Nerve roots from lumbosacral enlargement and the conus medullaris
  138. 138Where does the cauda equina run?Within lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space)
  139. 139How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?31
  140. 140What are the number of spinal nerves associated with each spinal region?Cervical = 8
    Thoracic = 12
    Lumbar = 5
    Sacral = 5
    Coccygeal = 1
  141. 141What type of fibres do the anterior roots of the spinal nerves convey?Efferent (motor) fibres to skeletal muscle and many contain presynaptic autonomic fibres.
  142. 142What type of fibres do the posterior roots of the spinal nerves convey?Afferent (sensory) fibres from skin, subcutaneous tissue and deep tissue, and viscera
  143. 143Where are the cell bodies of somatic axons of the anterior roots of spinal nerves found?Anterior horns of gray matter of the spinal cord.
  144. 144Where are the cell bodies of the axons of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves?Outside spinal cord in the spinal ganglia (posterior root ganglia) at the distal ends of the posterior roots?
  145. 145What do the anterior and posterior roots converge to form as they exit the vertebral canal?Spinal nerve
  146. 146Which spinal nerve is sometimes absent?Coccygeal nerve
  147. 147Which spinal nerve does not have a posterior root in 50% of people?C1
  148. 148What do spinal nerves divide into as they exit the IV foramina?Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) rami
  149. 149What do the anterior and posterior rami supply?Posterior = zygapophysial joint, deep muscles of back + skin/fascia
    Anterior = joints, muscles and skin of limbs and remainder of trunk
  150. 150Why do the spinal nerve roots become progressively longer as you descend?Spinal cord is significantly shorter than vertebral column, nerve roots have to travel much further to exit IV foramina. (= cauda equina)
  151. 151What is the terminal continuation of the conus medullaris?Filum terminale internum
  152. 152What does the filum terminale internum consist of?Mainly pia mater, superiorly it has vestiges of neural tissue, connective tissue and neuroglial tissue
  153. 153Where does the filum terminale internum become the filum terminale externum?As it penetrates the dural sac and takes on layers of arachnoid and dura mater. It then passes through the sacral hiatus to attach to coccyx posteriorly
  154. 154What is the function of the filum terminale?Anchor for the inferior ends of the spinal cord and dural sac
  155. 155What are the three layers of spinal meninges?1. Dura mater
    2. Arachnoid mater
    3. Pia mater
  156. 156What separates the spinal dura mater from the vertebrae?Extradural (epidural) space
  157. 157What largely occupies the extradural (epidural) space?Fat, vessels to vertebral canal (internal venous plexus etc)
  158. 158What is the spinal dural sac continuous with superiorly?Cranial dura mater (adheres to edges of foramen magnum)
  159. 159What does the spinal dura continue as along the anterior and posterior nerve roots?Dural root sleeves (thecal sleeves)
  160. 160What is the dural root sheath continuous with as it passes through the IV foramina?Epineurium (outer covering of spinal nerves) which adheres to periosteum of IV foramina.
  161. 161Where is CSF of the spinal cord located?Subarachnoid space
  162. 162What name is given to the adjacent dura and arachnoid layers?Dura-arachnoid interface (subdural space)
  163. 163Where would a subdural haematoma be found?At dura-arachnoid interface (=subdural space)
  164. 164What connective structures connect the arachnoid and pia mater in the vertebral canal?Arachnoid trabeculae
  165. 165What is found in the subarachnoid space?1. CSF
    2. Arachnoid trabeculae
    3. Radicular, segmental medullary and spinal arteries/veins
  166. 166What does the pia mater cover?Directly covers surface of spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
  167. 167What is the inferior continuation of the pia mater in the vertebral column?Filum terminale
  168. 168What connective tissue is responsible (along with the filum terminale) in suspending the spinal cord in the dural sac?Denticulate ligaments
  169. 169Describe the denticulate ligaments?Longitudinal extension of pia mater extending midway between the anterior and posterior nerve roots, with 20-22 sawtooth-like extensions that attach to the dura-arachnoid interface.
  170. 170What are the three longitudinal arteries that supply the spinal cord?1. Anterior spinal artery
    2. x2 posterior spinal arteries
  171. 171What spinal branches supply the anterior and posterior spinal arteries?Anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries from spinal branches of ascending cervical/deep cervical/vertebral/posterior intercostal/lumbar arteries
  172. 172In what areas are the segmental medullary arteries chiefly located?Areas of spinal cord requiring good blood supply (cervical and lumbosacral enlargements)
  173. 173What artery is important for reinforcing good blood circulation in the spinal cord?Great anterior segmental medullary artery
  174. 174Where does the great segmental medullary artery tend to originate from?Left side at low thoracic or upper lumbar levels
  175. 175What do anterior/posterior radicular arteries supply?Nerve roots (do not supply the longitudinal spinal arteries)
  176. 176How many anterior and posterior spinal veins (longitudinal) are found draining the spinal cord? Up to how many segmental medullary and radicular veins might drain them?3 anterior, 3 posterior.
    Drained by up to 12 segmental medullary or radicular veins.
  177. 177Into which veins do the segmental medullary and radicular veins of the spinal cord drain?Internal vertebral (epidural) venous plexus
  178. 178Where is the sulcal artery found? What artery does it originate from?Anterior median fissure of spinal cord. Originates from anterior spinal artery (longitudinal)
  179. 179What are the two categories of back muscles?1. Extrinsic
    2. Intrinsic
  180. 180What movements are the extrinsic back muscles concerned with?Controlling limb and respiratory movements
  181. 181What movements are the intrinsic back muscles concerned with?Movement of vertebral column and maintenance of posture
  182. 182What are the two groups of extrinsic back muscles?1. Superficial
    2. Intermediate
  183. 183What are the superficial extrinsic back muscles?1. Trapezius
    2. Latissimus dorsi
    3. Levator scapulae
    4. Rhomboids
  184. 184What do the superficial extrinsic back muscles tend to act on?Upper limb
  185. 185What region of spinal nerves supply the superficial extrinsic back muscles? What is the exception?Cervical nerves.
    Except trapezius which is supplied by spinal accessory nerve CN XI
  186. 186What are the intermediate extrinsic back muscles?1. Serratus posterior inferior
    2. Serratus posterior superior
  187. 187What group of nerves supply the intrinsic back muscles?Posterior rami of spinal nerves
  188. 188What does the deep fascia of the intrinsic back muscles attach to medially?Tips of spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments; nuchal ligament (in cervical region)
  189. 189What is the name given to the deep fascia of intrinsic back muscles in thorax and lumbar region?Thoracolumbar fascia
  190. 190What are the three layers of intrinsic back muscles?1. Superficial
    2. Intermediate
    3. Deep
  191. 191What muscle constitutes the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles?Splenius muscle
  192. 192What are the two parts of the splenius muscle?1. Splenius cervicis
    2. Splenius capitis
  193. 193Where does the splenius muscle originate?Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7 - T6
  194. 194Where does splenius capitis insert?Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
  195. 195Where does splenius cervicis insert?Tubercles of transverse processes of C1 to C3/4
  196. 196What is the action of splenius acting on one side only?Laterally flex neck and rotate head to side of the active muscle
  197. 197What is the action of splenius with both sides acting together?Extend head and neck
  198. 198What is the collective name for the muscles that make up the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles?Erector spinae muscles
  199. 199What massive muscle is the chief extensor of the vertebral column?Erector spinae
  200. 200What are the three muscle columns of erector spinae?1. Spinalis (medial)
    2. Longissimus (intermediate)
    3. Iliocostalis (lateral)

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Year 1 Anatomy & SF2 FlashCards sobre The back, criado por Lou Clark em 26-12-2016.
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Lou Clark
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