Flashcards

IMT

Fabrice Gürmann Alemão 200 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (200)

1What is operations management?Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigining business operations in the production of goods or services
2What does operations management involve?It involves the responisbility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements
3What does it involve (in simple words)?It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs (raw materials,labor,energy) into outputs (goods & services)
4What is technology management?I
5What does it involve?It involves the integrated planning, design, optimization, operation and control of technological products, processes and services
6Therefore ->the technology management function in an organization is to understand the value of certain technology for the organization
7What is information management?It is the organization of and control over the planning, structure and organization, controlling, processing, evaluating and reporting of information activities in order to meet client objectives and to enable corporate function in the delivery of information
8what are the two key roles?-Management of IT
- IT to strengthen the strategic position
9Why does forecasting matter?Forecasting matters because of differences between the predicted demand and the actual demand. This could lead to either overestimation or underestimation
10Why does forecasting matter? (graphic)
11Why does forecasting matter?slide 22 vorlesig 1 nächsti slide grad aunt
12Why is forecasting not trivial?Historical data available, known relations to key factors and aggregation can decrease the uncertainty thus forecasting is more accurate
Time horizon though, increases uncertainty.
13What are the three forecasting models?Qualitative forecasting, Causal forecasting and time series forecasting
14What is qualitative forecastingestimates of individuals are combined into a single model e.g air travel in 20 years
(subjective qualities and opinions are used to make a prognose)
15What is causal forecasting?Estimation of a function that models the demand based on known factors e.g amount of service staff in the next year
16What is time series forecasting?forecast is estimated based on historical data
e.g demand for laundry detergents next month
17Show the forecasting process
18What are the 4 different ways of doing a qualitative forecast?-Sales team estimations
- Customer survey
- Expert panel
- Delphi Method
19When is it recommended to carry out a qualitative forecast- If no historical data is available or if the data is not useful for predicting demand. e.g: forecasting new products & technologies
- Can be used to adjust causal and time series forecasting models e.g: accounting for the effect of a one time promotion in a time series model
20To understand the previous slide, what is a time series forecasting model?the approach assumes that the variables are not gonna change. therefore if we think it changes, we can use a qualitative forecast to adjust it
21What are the 3 different ways of doing a causal forecast?- Linear regression: Describe relationship between one dependent variable and many independent with constant factors
- Non linear regression: factors can be exponential (alles wo d line ned linear macht)
- other methods
22linear regression recapmanche Funktionen sind linear manche sind nicht linear. nicht linear: hoch x Funktionen, cos(x) Funktionen, logarithm
23When do we use a causal forecast?Often used if demand of a product or service can be modeled based on known factors
e.g: demand for taxis in relation to population
Often simple estimation of relation with regression that provides best fit e.g: taxi demand= population/1000
24What are the 4 different ways of doing a time series forecast?-Constant
- trend
- seasonality
- others (e.g. product lifecycle)
25What do these 4 ways look like on a graph?
26When to use time series forecast?- if historical data is available and it is reasonable to use it for modeling future demand
- a demand pattern can be assumed or estimated
- for different demand patterns, different estimation models can be used
27What is the moving average forecast method?Using demand right ow x 1/length of time period to create an average
- very simple forecast method
- no rule to determine length of time period
28What is the exponential smoothing method?Do exercises
29Vorlesung 1 check questions
30what is the role of IT for forecasting?historical data saved there
- big data can be used to identify historical events that influenced demand (black friday)
- details on future planned events such as promotions
- capacity constraints in logistics is transmitted via programs
31Lecture 2: Why do companies hold inventory?In terms of supply:
-Economies of scale can be used
- Uncertainty: 1. time 2. costs 3. quantity/qality
32What are the 3 uncertainties in terms of supply?Time: unavailability for customers, because orders arrive too late
Costs: inflation, fluctuation of commodities
Quantity/Quality: some yields might be higher quality than others
33What does the inventory list look like?
34Why does the inventory management matter?
35why does the inventory management matter?the more efficient the management of the inventory, the better our profit margin. Therefore, if we can store products at low cost, we can offer the product at a low price
36How would such a model look like then?
37Explain this model?Leadtime is where a new order is made but it has not arrived yet. Such a reorder is done automatically whenever the point is hit.
38Show the Economic Order Quantity basic model
39Show the cost function in such a modle
40What does this meanTo be convex: first derivative must be Z(x)>0
to be minimum: second derivative Z(x) > 0
2 x U x K x X^-3 = grösser als 0 also ist es ein Minimum. das heisst wir können die kosten auf ein minimum beschränken mit dieser Funktion
41Slide 17 an vorlesung 2nicht gepeilt
42slide 18 an vorlesung 2...
43If the lead time is 0.5 weeks, the re ordering point is 10 units and the weekly unit demanded is 20. When do we re orderevery 0.5 week
44Extension for limited production rate economic production modelnot on slides look at reader
45What are all the extension for the model?- extension for a non zero lead time
- extension for limited production rate
- extenstion for quantity discount
46extension for limited production rate
47extenstion if a quantity discount is given
48Show the new cost function if discounts are givenNeed to understand the calculation. slide 29
49..........
50.........
51..........
52...........
53Inventory management with demand uncertainty - what are the two deemands?deterministic and stochastic demand
54how does the deterministic demand look like?
55What is stochastic demand?randomly determined demand, this means it is not constant process of rendering. this could have bad consequences such as a too low stock. Nevertheless, such disadvantages can be ruled out by having a safety stock
56Show stochastic demand graphically
57Inventory management under uncertrainy.. which approach can be used?a probalistic forecast for different scenarios can be done
58Show this graphical
59Show the profit scenarios
60what is the news vendor modelThe news vendor model is a model that is used to determine optimal inventory level for perishable goods such as newspapers or fresh fruits. Properties of the goods:
-short sale period
- no reordering during sales period
- uncertainty in demand
61Check list questions
62Vorlesung 3- Production Planningokdsfsd
63What is the objective of production planningproviding products & services at optimal:
cost, time and quality
64How can we determine the annual demand and list the costs? (annual demand example
65How would an ABC analysis look like?
66What is an ABC analysisis an inventory categorization technique. ABC analysis divides an inventory into three categories.he ABC analysis provides a mechanism for identifying items that will have a significant impact on overall inventory cost, while also providing a mechanism for identifying different categories of stock that will require different management and controls.
67What is an ABC analysis (part 2)The ABC analysis suggests that inventories of an organization are not of equal value. Thus, the inventory is grouped into three categories (A,B and C) in order of their estimated importance.
68How to deal with A- Type inventories- Push based planning (not demand driven)
- accurate calculation of inventory
- strict time control
- determine quantities carefully e.g with Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
69How to deal with C Type inventories?- Pull based planning (demand driven)
- not always accurate calculation of inventory
- limited time control
- determine quantities in a simple way e.g with methods of inventory management
70How to deal with B type inventory?middle way between
71What is one method of Programm based planningManufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II).
Different management issues are treated in each quartal.
72What issues are treated in which part of the year?
73What are the different stages of planning and how much time is attributed to which issue? Which stage is the MRP?
74Aggregated Planning (stage 2) Aggregation & costs - What is its main benefit?It reduces the complexity
75Why is the complexity reduced?F.e: barilla produces 800 different types of pasta every week. Zara 12.000 products every year
--> no details e.g individual product, exact deployment of each employee but they are shown aggregately as product groups/ total number of employees
76Show other aggregations in different industries-Capacity planning in the automotive industry
-consultant capcity in consultantencies
-capacity planning of demands in hotels
77H
78jakob readerslide 17 vorlesig 3, required für neatest 3 slide
79jaob readerffffddffd
80Aggregated planning (stage 2) Simple plans - What is the basic idea of simple plans?
81How would a demand tracking cost structure look like?
82How would a fixed capacity cost structure look like?
83Aggregated Planning - Optimal plans What is one method for this?Consumption based planning: Just-In-Time (JIT)
84What are the two control planning methods?Central control (MRP/PUSH) and decentralised control (JIT/Pull)
85Show push control and pull control graphically
86Push & pull overviewslide 26 lecture 3
87Push & pull overviewslide 26 lecture 3
88Problems: What is variability?Optimal process is that a perfect is product is produced with the right amount at the right time.
Unfortunately, every process deviates from the optimal process
89Problems: what is wasteall activities that do not lead to added values
1. Rework
2. Waiting time
3. Over engineering
4. Movements
5. Over production
6. Transporation
7. Inventory
90concepts of JIT
91How to achieve JIT: What is Kanban controlKanbas is an easy method of pull steuerung. This means, the producer produces tables and the buyer paints the tables. The buyer does not use a computer system to tell them how many tables he needs. He just goes tot he inventory center, takes the table. At the table a card is befestigt. This card is aufgehängt according tot he different table models. The more cards in one thing, the emptier the number of tables in the inventory. If you produce one table, you take the card again out.
(good explanation found on wikipedia)
Benefit: very easy, no computer system.. no IT needed, meaning if theres an IT problem it does not affect anything. Very cheap!
92Show the order penetration point graphically
93check questions lecture 3
94Lecture 4: supply chain management What is the relationship between globalization & technologyböö
95Whats the relationship of globalization and value creation depth?more parts are outsourced, meaning that more specialization on one task of the value chain is done by only one firm.
also through globalization, market size increase
96What is the relationship of globalisation and speed of innovation...
97Why does supply chain management matter?
98Why is SCM important? (show the clashes between issues..)
99Explain the upper diagramon one hand you want stable demand but you also do promotions to increase the demand. this is a clash
100Management of product variants is increasingly important. Who wants product variants?Customers, as they have different interests/preferences
101What are consequences and the costs of complexity?d1) variant growth
2) quantity per variant decreases
3) price increase for exclusive variants
4) if you create more variants, its also more expensive
5) margin implications—> dont do too much variety, otherwse costs > price
(Optimum point is where the curves cut)
102Show the consequences and the costs of complexity graphically
103Who wants to promote/reduce variety? Why?VP Sales: wants variety because then the customers are more satisfied/ more can be sold
COO: less variety as efficiency decreases and costs increase
Customer: more choice therefore wants variety
104What are the implications of increasing product variety?- Research development costs increase
- Sales team costs increase (education about all different products)
- production costs increase (less eco of scale)
- inventory costs (need to store more different products)
positive:
- chance of getting higher price due to specific customer segment
- increase number of customers
105optimization approach slide 16 vorlesig 4nicht gecheckt
106what does the graphic meanTo effectively optimise the approach, we have to optimize the cost structure as the revenue will be the same. this will result in a higher profit
107How can we achieve this better cost structure for the different varieties ( more products, complexes process usw)?
108Give a real life example how to manage the productt complexityAudi Q5 ist das gleiche Auto wie Porsche Macau aber mit andern Details im auto drin
109What is an example of modularity?Same product differently combined. Für ikea schränke kann man verschiedene Mengen der Schubladen nehmen (entweder 2 oder 3 Fächer). Ist mehr Auswahl aber kostet nicht mehr
110Give an example of functional integration?if there are goods that are 100 % complements (you literally can not use one without the other) you can combine the two products and make it to one piece. this means it is easier to manage the demand for one product than for two products.
111use of shared partsTV's have different power requirements. one tv will need 110 Watt and another one 220 wat. Earlier one, companies sold either "ein anschluss" for 110 or 220. Now its 110-220
112What are therefore the benefits and disadvantages for a shared component strategy?
113Dealing with variety at process level- what is postponement?Earlier on, benton did the coloration of products and then the sewing of each of them. Nowadays, they first sew them and then collieries them based on trend. this is because the cutting style is more predictable than the seasonal color taste
114Another exampleearlier on the postponement was done in asia at the manufacturer level, then sent to DC europe and then distributed to the different countries accordingly as told by asia office.
Now the postponement is done in europe, where they are closer to the target market and can handle demand and trends better
115costs without / with postponement
116Benefits and disadvantages of postponement-Benefits: lower inventory
lower costs
lower risk if a new product is introduced or the market does not behave as predicted
-disadvantages:
investments in personnel and equipment in european distribution entries
complexity of process
unclear responsibility
redesign might necessary
117Give an example of flexibility to manage process complexity?with a computer controlled laser cutter, it is possible to tear apart the right pieces.
118What are the advantages of a 3d printersmall machine which can do everything- therefore low production costs
- digital
119what is the effect on strategy?as new technologies cause disruption, it can change the course of action. use more machinery f.e instead of people.
this also means that others will have to adapt new technologies if they fear a threat from competitive disadvantage
120Can you divide supply chains over various regionsits possible to divide the supply chain, but there are implication such as control & communication problems.
If you wanna outsource R&D f.e you have to outsource Production to the same place as they work closely together
121Why do people from production department and R&D department have to work together?Because the product team will directly report the R&D what is not good about the product or what has to be improved, thus the R&D will seek to improve the product.
122Information sharing - the core problem with example of coca colaoften departments do not share information together because the are in sort of a competition with each other.
another example are grocery stores. Orders that stores themselves make differ from the order of regional distribution center due to communication problems. RDC often orders too much than required
123So what are the effects of the bullwhip effecthigh order fluctuations
124what is the effect of high order fluctuations- low availability / excess inventories
- low capacity utilization
- high throughput time/ high variability of lead time
125explain the bullwhip effect graphically
126Bullwhip effect wikipedia:refers to increasing swings in inventory in response to shifts in customer demand as one moves further up the supply chain. e further from the originating signal, the greater the distortion of the wave pattern. VOLVO EXAMPLE: Suffering a glut in green cars, sales and marketing developed a program to move the excess inventory. While successful in generating the desired market pull, manufacturing didn't know about the promotional plans. Instead, they read the increase in sales as an indication of growing demand for green cars and ramped up production
127Demand signal processing- when are demand fluctuations large and what are countermeasures
128Dslide 24 lecture 5
129Information sharing- order batchingSharingorderbatching sin eifach ein uslöser vom bullwhip effekt und es meint eifach dass wenn du bestellige bündelisch also z.b. ein nochfroger bittisch 1 wucha spöter z bstelle (z.b. well du döt immer a loch häsch) dass du denn d nochfrogeschwankig wo du hesch reduziere kasch
130When are order fluctuations large?1. If economies of scale exist
2. the fixed ordering costs are high
3. the orders of several customers correlate positively with each other
131What can be done against it? (order batching)1. Coordination of deliveries (multiple clients per delivery truck instead of one week one and another week one)
2. automation of the ordering process
3. Coordination of orders
132Show this graphically
133explain the graphicearlier on (right side) the retailer distributed 8 every week, because customer 1 wanted the order another week than customer 2. Now the retailer convinced one of them to have it in the same week, which decreases the cost for the retailer
134Information sharing- what is the rationing gamejakob
135when are order fluctuations high? (part 2)1. rationing game is based solely on the orders of the immediate customers
2. No feedback regarding the actual demand is available
3. quantity changes are cheap
136What are countermeasures to decrease the fluctuation1. rationing rules. Based on the market share rather than orders.
2. Information sharing - access to actual customer demand
3. Contract design- Penalty costs for order amount changes, returns
137Recap: what are sources of the bullwhip effect?price fluctuations
order batching
rationing game
138Recap: hat is the difference between order penetration point and the point of differentiation?OPP: can allocate orders to specific customer name (important)
POD: postponement strategy -> dealing with product variety.. product gets differentiated for target customer marketing
139whaat commpn principle do postponement and modularty have common in terms of risk poolingpostponement: product pov.
mudlarity: process pov. the common principle is to use the two to pool risk and reduce the risk and the inventory level-
140Part 2: Information Management - lecture 6/7ok
141What is the key challenge for IT in every business?To adapt the IT effectively to your business, to generate value. (create strategic Information systems)
- make sure you have the right infrastruce
-software & hardware selection
-security
142General information to IT firms
143What are the three different types of companies (Low IT & High IT companies)Industry concentration
turbulence
performance spread
144What is the first graphic saying?Industry concentration:
how fragmented ist he industry? High IT industries increased.. many big firms. Why is this important, and how does an industry get more concentrated? – you have dominant players + acquisitions!
145What is the second graphic saying:Turbulence: this is showing the rank changes. You look at 2 years, and then see who is leading the industry. This means for these guys that IT makes a big contribution to who stays on top and who loses? (as there is a high fluctuation rate in the figoure)
146How do we compete on digital processes (graphically)
147How do we compete on digital processes?You roll out a new processes. F.e try to decrease lead time.. you experiment with different parts then you can directly compare what works or not works. So the important thing is to measure which one is the best solution
The company can make many learnings because you find out what is inefficient. Any IT is amplified! The problem is just if you have a bad process you can amplify in the other direction as wel! If you have a reasonably good process, you can make your process better and better.
This is a steady competition between companies, to find the best process to have a competitive advantage
148Give the example of ERPcompany had very large fluctuations in the lead time in every geographical area. they rolled out a new ERP system which took 4 months, after the 4 months the lead time did not fluctuate anymore badly
149Does IT really improve performance or is it just a hype?According to the statistics, companies with efficient IT are not more productive than other companies
150Relation between Strategy, processes and IT
151differences between the physical and the digital worldAdvantages: speed and automate Versus manual
Easier to measure VS hard to measure
Sharing at no costs VS Items can not be easily shared
Unlimited ppl can share same resources VS limited sharing
High storage capacity vs limited capacity
Less control over privacy VS physical security
Avoids errors better VS intuitive
Less inconsistency
152What is meant by media breaks?A letter is typed into the PC. Then the document is printed out. Then it’s annotaed by hand. (Media break- you go from real world to digital word.. it is very likely that errors occur, when you type in the letter into the PC).
153Concept of integration- Why is coordination so importantBecause different departments depend on each other (financial accounting & auditing) (HR & consultants)
154Define coordinaitonManaging dependencies.
Activities are per definition dependent, if they use the same resources
155slide 27vorlesig 6
156slide 28vorlesig 6
157What are the concepts of an integrated IS- it defines an enterprise as a set of activities and resources
- it maps activities and resources into information system
- it automates coordination
- data processing is not calculating. It is all about data collection and user oriented communication/presentation
158What is the process view of an organization? ( in short look at it as value chain)he idea of seeing a manufacturing (or service) organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformation processes and outputs. Inputs, transformation processes, and outputs involve the acquisition and consumption of resources - money, labor, materials, equipment, buildings, land, administration and management. How value chain activities are carried out determines costs and affects profits"
159What is the challenge of semantic integration?slide 33 jakobs reader
160Why is this so complex slide 34 jakob readerdddd
161Why is this so complex (german svorluesung slides) The process of someone ordering to cash about 20 stages, as seen on the 2 pictures
162Why is this so complex? german slides continued the process
163Process modeling and event driven process chains (EPC) - How does a business process look like?
164Was ist was in der Graphik?Process development: Neuer Prozess wird eingeführt
Process control: KPI's
Output: Leistung
Chain of tasks: kernfunktionen
information systems: adapted IT
165Wieso brauchen wir solche modele um zwischen Business challenges and IS zu kommunizieren?-Reduces complexity - especially for team development with different areas of experts
- easy to understand -> model is a joint language between a user and an expert
- correct mapping -> proper darstellung ensures anderseits correct technical mapping
- documentation and reuse - explicit know-how transfer
166What is ARIS? definitionArchitecture of integrated information systems
167what is ARIS?- framework for business process modeling: ARIS house of business engineering (HOBE)
- the goal is to map the business or software structure as a model
- Modeling tool: EPC
Die Methodologie dient als Vorgehensmodell zur Abbildung und Optimierung von Geschäftsprozessen.
168Show the framework for business process modeling of ARIS. therefore you map the concept and processes involved and its implementation to observe if this is efficient? What is the implementation stage?
169How would it look like in a real life example
170Therefore, IT and Business have to collaborate for effective software development. Show this phenomena with the help of the waterfall model
171Software development anhand des Spiral model..
172scrum board to develop a software/ ne new processlecture 7 slide 7
173When to use which process?srum is an iterative and incremental agile software development framework for managing product development. It defines "a flexible, holistic product development strategy where a development team works as a unit to reach a common goal". it challenges assumptions of the "traditional, sequential approach"[3] to product development, and enables teams to self-organize by encouraging physical co-location or close online collaboration of all team members, as well as daily face-to-face communication among all team members and disciplines involved.
174Show scrum graphically
175How does it workas seen on the graph, only the main tasks that can be done within a sprint are selected. first a list of the most important tasks top-down are done. sprint review is done to identify the areas of improvement, aka what can be done better
176sprintThe Sprint is a timeboxed effort; that is, it is restricted to a specific duration. ach Sprint starts with a Sprint Planning event that aims to define a Sprint Backlog, identify the work for the Sprint, and make an estimated commitment for the Sprint goal. Each Sprint ends with a Sprint Review and Sprint Retrospective, that reviews progress to show to stakeholders and identify lessons and improvements for the next Sprints.
177scrum mastercrum is facilitated by a Scrum Master, who is accountable for removing impediments to the ability of the team to deliver the product goals and deliverables. The Scrum Master is not a traditional team lead or project manager, but acts as a buffer between the team and any distracting influences. The Scrum Master ensures that the Scrum framework is followed. functions:
defines "done" of a product
promotes self organization
178Sprint backlogThe Sprint Backlog is the list of work the Development Team must address during the next Sprint. The list is derived by the Scrum Team progressively selecting Product Backlog Items in priority order from the top of the Product Backlog until they feel they have enough work to fill the Sprint
179When to use waterfall model, spiral model or agile approach?
180What is business inteligence?a broad category of technologies, applications, and processes for gathering, storing,accessing and analysing data
181OLAP Cube
182Sliceyou can look only at 2015 Jan therefore slicing out all other time dimensions. this would give the data of accessories units sold in january 2015
183Dicetime horizon remains the same in our example but instead of analysis accessories, bikes AND clothing components,
we only look at bikes & clothing
184Drill downcan see the sub categories of "clothing" and see how many t-shirts units are sold
185So what is a OLAP system?a computer-based technique of analyzing data to look for insights. The term cube here refers to a multi-dimensional dataset
186How is business intelligence a basis for decision making?slide 20
187How much business intelligence is done so far by companies?
188Business intelligence: How is data being verarbeitet?
189What are the 3V's of big data?1. Volume: from Giga-Exabyte
2. Velocity: From hours- milliseconds
3. Variety: from structure-unstructured data
190What are therefore the three domains that have converged in big data?A) Business intelligence
B) Content Intelligence
C) Real time intelligence
191What are the three major big data technology domainsSlide 32-39 nod ganz klar
192what is big data used for?
193Data driven innovaiton
194A) How does Ikea do it? (using their existing data to create additional value for customers)They leverage their existing data of inventory to customers to create value. F.e they tell a customer how many pieces are left of the couch at which store
195A) How does post finance do it?they create charts which show what % is spent on what. f.e insurances, food use
196B) What is "example target"? (Mass individualisation)
197C) Internet of things (IoT example)
198What are the issues/chalenges with big data?- Privacy and ethics (data used for ad)
- big data is a supplement for rather than a substitute for traditional data collection (can cause wrong patterns)
199what are the 10 barriers for breakthrough innovation?1.unwillingness to change the winning formula (culture)
2.Contentment & complacency
3.Processes & structures that become rigid and unyielding
4. Strong and unquestioned beliefs and corporate sacred cows
5. conservatism and fear of losing current profit stream
6. strong vested interest
7. managerial overconfidence
8. unyielding habits and company norms
9. overreliance on what has worked in the past
10. passive and uncritical thinking.. dismissal of info that conflicts with current view
200lecture 9: what is the internet of thingsconnecting real things with the digital world. f.e a tire has a mini device in it with that it can be tracked. if ownership changes, data is collected.