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Flashcards

Brucella

Rachael Jones Animal Disease 2 Inglês 48 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (48)

  1. 1How many species of Brucella are there?7 according to Europe
    (1 according to US)
  2. 2What are general features of Brucella?1. Small G-ve coccobacilli (0.5-0.7 x 0.6-1.5microm)
    2. Non-motile
    3. Non-sporing
    4. Catalase +
    5. Oxidase + (variable)
    6. Aerobic
    7. Fastidious
    Blood / serum YES
    BLA NO
    Selective media YES
  3. 3What type of parasite is Brucella?Intracellular - can be infected for life
  4. 4Why won't Brucella grow on bile lactose agar?Not an enteric pathogen
  5. 5Name the 7 species of Brucella.B. abortus
    B. melitensis
    B. suis
    B. ovis
    B. canis
    B. neotomae
    B. maris
  6. 6What are the hosts and diseases for B. abortus?CATTLE : placentitis, mastitis, abortion, orchitis
    Humans : undulant fever
  7. 7What are the hosts and diseases for B. melitensis?GOATS, sheep : abortion, mastitis, orchitis
    Humans : undulant fever (Malta fever)
  8. 8What is the species of Brucella that humans are likely to get?B. melitensis
    (into joints causing arthritis)
  9. 9What are the hosts and diseases for B. suis?PIGS : abortion, orchitis, infertility, arthritis, spondylitis
    Humans : undulant fever
  10. 10What are the hosts and diseases for B. ovis?SHEEP : placentitis, abortion, orchitis, epididymitis, infertility
  11. 11What are the hosts and diseases for B. canis?DOGS, foxes : abortion, epididymitis, osteomyelitis, spondylitis, permanent infertility in males
    Humans : undulant fever
  12. 12What is the classification for Brucella species be separated?Species (UK)
    Biotypes (US)
  13. 13How can you determine species/biotypes?1. Urease activity and H2S production
    2. CO2 requirement
    3. Sensitivity to dyes (basic fuchsin & thionin)
    4. Phage typing - Presence of antigens
    A and M : B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis
    R : B. ovis, B. canis
  14. 14Is Brucella a zoonotic? and how is it passed?Yes - passed by contact and by aerosol.
    Highly infectious
  15. 15What is the natural habitat of Brucella?Host - obligate pathogen - won't survive long outside of the host
  16. 16Describe the environmental survival of Brucella.Few hours unprotected in sunlight
    Days protected by urine/aborted material
    Months protected by damp/cool weather
  17. 17Is there a reservoir for Brucella in wild animals?Yes
  18. 18What is the only Brucella species that can be found in animals in the UK?B.canis brought on travelled dogs
  19. 19What is the only Brucella species that can be found in humans in the UK?B.melitensis
    B.canis rare
  20. 20Why worry about Brucella?1. Common in other parts of the world
    2. Zoonotic problem
    3. Used to be in the UK
    - Pasteurisation
    - Eradication scheme
    4. Could still be imported
    5. NOTIFIABLE
  21. 21What are the routes of infection of Brucella?1. Mucous membranes :usually ingestion
    2. Via unbroken skin
    3. Venereally
    4. To calf in utero
    5. To calf via milk
  22. 22What is the pathogenesis of Brucella?1. Predilection for reproductive tracts (RT)
    - Erythritol - stimulates growth of B.abortus/melitensis/suis
    - High levels in male/female RT
    - Absent from human RT
    2. Survival in PMNs and macrophages
    3. Persistence in macrophages
  23. 23What is the pathogenesis for humans and why?Fever, arthritis
    Not reproductive tract due to not having erythritol which is what Brucella is attracted to
  24. 24Why is it not a problem that the infant is colonised and killed?The foetal matter is also contaminated and will help spread to other animals
  25. 25What is the main way of identifying an outbreak of Brucella?Abortion storms (all at once)
    - can't treat due to all being affected at once
  26. 26Why is Brucella found in the faeces?- Shedding in the intestines - not a point at which the Brucella will attack
  27. 27What affect can Brucella have on the placenta?Inflammation and erosion
  28. 28What can cause persistent shedding in the sperm?Granuloma in the testis and epididymis that can burst
  29. 29What is the immune response?1. IgM and IgG
    2. Cell mediated immune response
    - Cleared from genital tract
    - Persist in RES and udder
    3. Carrier animals
    - Abort once
    - Less severe infection at subsequent pregnancies
    - Excrete in udder + uterine discharge
  30. 30How can you get rid of Brucella?Kill infected animals
  31. 31What are the problems with calves born to carrier cows?1. Infected in utero or via milk
    2. Prepubescent = relatively resistant
    3. Develop a good immune response
    4. Most clear infection and remain R
    5. ~ 2% retain latent infection
    Source of infection for others
    Have infected calves themselves
  32. 32What are the major concerns with economic losses?1. Abortions
    2. Decreased milk yield
    3. Long term udder damage + milk loss
    4. Arthritis / bursitis
  33. 33What are the major concerns with ease of transmission to humans?- Flu like illness
    - Recurrence - bones/heart/fatal
  34. 34What is the B.abortus eradication scheme?1. Identify infected herds
    2. Identify infected individuals
    3. Cull infected individuals
    4. Herd restrictions
  35. 35What is the compensation to farmers for infected animals?75% of market value
  36. 36What are the herd restrictions?- Retested at 8 months and 12 months
    - No positives -> restrictions lifted
    - Positives -> culled (with dangerous contacts) + herd tested every 2 months until cleared
  37. 37What are the regular testing programmes for B.abortus eradication?Dairy herds – monthly
    Beef cattle – every 2 years
    Imported cattle
    Abortions
  38. 38How can you ID infected herds?ELISA on bulk milk - quarterly by APHA
  39. 39How can you ID infected individuals?1. Bacterial culture
    2. Direct microscopy
    - Immunofluorescence
    - Modified Ziehl-Neelsen
    3. PCR
  40. 40What ways of identifying infected individuals can be used when technology isn't available?1. Guinea-pig inoculation
    2. Serology
    - Slide agglutination (card test, plate test)
    - ELISA
    - Serum agglutination test (SAT)
    - Complement fixation test
  41. 41What was the initial vaccination?Strain 19
  42. 42What are features and issues of Strain 19?Live attenuated
    Rarely shed in milk
    Huge doses needed -> abortion in cows
    Non-transmissible
    Female calves @ 2-5 months
    Male calves not vaccinated
    Adults develop persistent antibodies
    Infects humans!
  43. 43What were features of strain 45/20?- Killed bacterin (rough mutant)
    - Less effective but adults don’t develop persistent antibody levels
  44. 44What is a bacterin?No LPS - less dangerous (antigen preparation)
  45. 45What are features of RB51?- Licensed for us in US
    - Stable rough mutant
    - Good protection v abortion
    - Ab’s don’t interfere with serological tests
  46. 46How can Brucella be isolated?- Isolate from blood culture on Castaneda’s medium. Simultaneous solid and liquid culture
    - Prolonged incubation >6 weeks
    - Must be differentiated from Salmonella. Brucella is urease positive
    - B. abortus requires elevated CO2
  47. 47What is the main treatment for Brucella?Kill
  48. 48What treatment has been used on a very small scale?Oxytetracycline and streptomycin has shown efficacy

Informações

Descrição
Animal Disease 2 (Specific Bacteria - TC) FlashCards sobre Brucella, criado por Rachael Jones em 09-10-2017.
Criado por
Rachael Jones
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