Flashcards
Steeple chase - cows
Flashcards do conjunto (69)
- 1Label the hormones, discuss their roles in ovulation (including PGF2a)Blue - Progesterone, released from CL, remains high until luteolysis, prevents ovulation (dominant follicle growth)
Green - Oestradiol, released from follicle, increases when progesterone low, causes surge of GnRH that causes LH surge (ovulation)
Red - LH, surge causes ovulation to occur, stimulates growth of follicles
Black dotted - FSH, waves of FSH that recruits small follicles when follicle die
PGF2a is released when no embyro is present resulting in luteolysis (decreased progesterone) and allows oestrus - 2Describe a synchronising programmeDay 0 - GnRH (causes ovulation and a CL), can add CIDR (progesterone)
Day 7 - PG (removes CL), if using remove CIDR
Day 9 - GnRH
Day 10 - insemination (14-16 hours after GnRH) - 3What are the steps for hoof trimming?Make the inner claw 7.5cm long
Leave 5-7mm thickness at tip, spare the heel
Make outer claw equally as long
Make weight bearing surface at the same level as inner claw
Scallop inside
Remove pressure from painful claw
Remove any under running - 4What is the most likely diagnosis? How would you treat this? What is it caused by? How can it be prevented?White line disease
Remove all of horn and reshape hoof, can give NSAIDs and antibiotics if infected
Putting too much pressure on cows
Use backing gates less, dont push the back cows to get the front cows to move faster, decrease stress, improve weight if low BCS
- 5What is your most likely diagnosis?Sole ulcer or abscess
- 6What is your most likely diagnosis? What causes this?Sole injury/ haemorrhage
Bruising from tips of pedal bone due to pressure and impact
- 7What is the most likely diagnosis? How would you treat this? What is it caused by?Footrot
Treat with Penicillin 15-20mg/kg
Caused by fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus
- 8How can you reduce lameness?More relaxed comfortable cows - patience
Improve tract quality - drainage, material
Reduce congestion
Reduce use of backing gate - train cows
Provide more space
Improving BCS condition - 9What is the most likely diagnosis? How would you treat this?Digital dermatitis
Cleaning individual feet with antiseptic spray and manage with foot baths
- 10What type of Mg should you never give IV?MgSO4
Will kill the cow - 11What are the differentials for a down cow?HypoCa, hypoMg, septicaemia, blood loss, dislocated hip, fracture, nerve damage
- 12How do you treat hypocalcaemia?Give 1-2 bags IV Ca (+/- Mg) slowly with 14G needle while listening to the heart, if hear any changes stop, stop once up
Give 1 bag SQ Ca and oral once able to follow
Provide Mg supplement - 13What are the clinical signs of hypoMg?Aggressive, recumbent, rigid, muscle spasms, tachycardic
Sub clinically may be kicking off cups, reduced appetite - 14How do you treat hypoMg?IV metabolic solution (Mg, Ca +/- glucose) or SQ MgSulphate
NSAIDs
Nursing care as take a while to recover - 15What are the intramammary treatment options for mastitis? Name, ingredient and pathogenOrbenin LA, cloxacillin, Staph aureus
Intracillin, penicillin, Strep uberis, CNS
Cobactan LC, cefquinome, coliforms
Mastalone, oxytet, coliform - 16What are the parenteral treatment options for mastitis? Name, ingredient and pathogenTylan, macrolide, staph aureus
Engemycin, oxytet, coliform
Penethaject, B-lactam penicillin, streps
Cobactan, cefquinome, coliform
Mamyzin, penethemate hydriodide - 17How do you use a RMT?Squirt milk from each quarter into corresponding cup
Tip till milk at line
Squeeze in equal amounts of solution
Swirl and look for clots/ snot/ yoghurt - 18What are the options available for cattle vaccines?7 in 1, clostridial diseases and lepto, calves <6 mo give 2 shots 3-4 weeks apart, then booster at 6 months, then annual booster
5 in 1 is the same without lepto
Selevax (salmonella), give 2 doses 3-4 weeks apart, then annual boosters, do not use on calves less than 8 weeks
BVD vaccine, give to cows >4mo, annual vax 4 weeks before mating
Rotavirus, corona virus, K99 - vaccinate dam 12-14 weeks prior to parturition - 19What are the steps for eye enucleation?Sedate, place in head bale or head collar with nose restraint
Clip site and inject local into third eye, block 1 cm from the hairless skin area (SQ ring block), retrobulbar 4 point block with long curved spinal needle
Suture eye lids shut
Elliptical incision, dissect around outer edge of tarsal plate, blunt dissect all the way back, dissecting out conjunctiva,
Sever optic muscle and nerve
Pack orbit with gauze bandage and suture skin over orbit
Antibiotics and NSAIDs - 20How do you preform a liver biopsy?Restrain in head bale
1 hand below transverse process, 2nd to last IC space
Local in SQ and muscle
Stab incision, biopsy punch at right angle through IC muscles, direct towards opposite elbow, pop through diaphragm
Place syringe on with 2-3mL negative pressure, remove biopsy punch and blow material onto swab - 21How much weight does 1 BCS represent in a cow?25kg live weight
- 22What nerve block do you use for disbudding? What nerve block do you use for dehorning?Cornual nerve block in zygomatic fossa with 2mL lignocaine
Block 1st cervical nerve with 5mL lignocaine - 23What is the benefit of Glycine, K citrate and NaCl in oral replacement fluid for scouring calves?Glycine helps maintain villi
K Citrate treats acidosis
NaCl maintains isotonicity - 24What pathogen does teat sealing hope to reduce? Who shouldnt you teat seal? When should you apply it?Strep uberis infections
Cows with SCC > 150k or >120k for heifers
After last milking - 25How much nitrogen is in urea?46%
- 26What kgDM/ha should pasture be kept at?What are the ways to control pasture length?Keep between 1500-2500 kgDM/ha
Harvesting hay or silage, rotational grazing, bringing in other stock, feed supplements to give pasture a break - 27What is comparative stocking rate? What is its benefits?KgLW / Tonne DM offered
Accounts for liveweight and all feeds involved - 28What is the average BCS at calving?5 for cows
5.5 for heifers and R3 - 29Where do you inject SQ?Either side of tail base
- 30Describe how you would preform a claw amputationTourniquet mid cannon region
Regional perfusion lock in lateral plantar vein with lidocaine
Incise with scalpel then cut with surgical wire through P2 or P1/P2 joint
Pressure wrap for 24 hours - 31What is a breech?Posterior (rear end first) where both hind limbs are flexed at the hip
- 32How do you describe calf positions?Anterior or posterior
Longitudinal or transverse to long axis of cow
Position of dorsum of foetus relative to maternal pelvis eg dorsosarcal, dorsopubic, dorsoilial
Describe extermitis of foetus relative to the foetal trunk - 33What is a normal presentation of a calf?Anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral
- 34What are the positive signs of pregnancy?Membrane slip, placentomes, ballottement of foetus
- 35What is the TPR for a cow?T 38 - 39.3C, T 60-80 bpm, R 15-30 brpm
- 36How much dry matter does 2, 4, 5, and 10cm on average convert to ?2cm - 400kg/DM
4cm - 800kg/DM
5cm - 1200kg/DM
10cm - 2500kg/DM - 37What is the cow lung worm?Dictyocaulus viviparous
- 38What should you do for the cow after an assisted calving?Antibiotics if any concern of infection
Oxytocin to involute oestrus
Analgesics or anti-inflammatories
Ca if appears ataxic
Oral starter drenches - 39What should you do in a calving if the feotuses pelvis gets stuck in the dams pelvis on its way out?Do not pull as can cause paralysis of cow
Push down on rope to change angle to down and rotate calf by twisting forequarters
If this doesn't work, requires foetotomy - 40How should you apply calving chains or ropes to a calf?Place loop above the fetlock with a half hitch below fetlock
- 41How do you correct a head back?Grasp head, eye sockets, mouth commissures or eye hooks
Repel calf
Straighten head and neck
Place a head rope and leg ropes
Pull out - 42How do you correct a breech?Push calf away
Grap hock and pull back to flex stifle, then find fetlock or hoof
Repeal calf, grasp hoof and cup in your hands to pull the leg back
Repeat with other hindlimb - 43What analgesia is require for a C-section?Epidural, sedation, local paravertebral block of T13, L1 and L2 (cranial and caudal of L1 and caudal of L2)
- 44What does the prognosis of a down cow depend on?Days recumbent, SAA levels and urea levels
- 45How do you correct uterine torsion?Can rock or turn calf to untwist or use a detorsion bar (GYN stick)
Roll the cow in same direction as twist (cast) - 46What are the main causes of mastitis? When do they occur during lactation? What drugs should you use?Staph Aureus (contagious), low then increases during, use cloxacillin
Strep Uberus (environmental), high then decreases, sensitive to most antibiotics particularly penicillin - 47What is the aim of dry cow therapy?Remove subclinical infection and prevent new infection
- 48How should you manage drying off?Avoid starvation and provide plenty of access to water
Once a day increases chance of mastitis
Stop and 5L/day - 49What is the general concepts for mastitis prevention plan?Hygienic teat management with teat spray
Prompt ID and treat of clinical cases
Dry cow management and therapy
Cull of chronically infected cows
Regular milk machine maintenance and testing - 50What are some milking machine factors that can contribute to mastitis?Over-milking
High vacuum pushes milk back into teat
Faulty pulsation
Prolonged slow milking
Faulty liners
Poor teat management - 51What are the possible causes of abortion?Genetic factors, hormone dysfucntion, abnormal uterine environment, nutritional factors, toxic substances (macrocarpa, nitrate), trauma, SIRs, neospora caninum, salmonella brandenburg, leptospirosis, campylobacter fetus, bacterial, BVD, myocotic
- 52What diseases can BVD cause?Ill thrift, diarrhoea, weight loss in young stock
Older stock may have increased mastitis or decreased fertility
Pregnant cow - abortion, PI, congenital defects or normal if third trimester - 53How can you test for BVD?Antibody testing
Positive - exposed at some point, negative - free from disease, PI or early stage
Antigen ELISA, needs to be >35 days old (maternal antibodies)
PCR (pooled) - 54What are your option for eradication of BVD?PI vaccinator - requires infection to become immune (welfare)
Eradication - costly, requires strict closed herd policy, high risk of outbreak
Vaccination - two initial doses then annual booster
Combination - 55What are the main parasites of concern?Ostertagia ostertagi
Trichostrongylus axei
Cooperia oncophora - 56What is the difference between type 1 and 2 Ostertagiosis?Type 1 - normal maturation of ingested larvae proceeding directly to adults and accumulating (winter)
Type 2 - accumulation of larvae, can stimulate synchronised emergence can cause severe disease (spring/ early summer) - 57What is the difference between metritis and endometritis?Metritis - inflammation of the entire thickness of the uterine wall, often systemic
Endometritis - inflammation of the endometrium, also the cervix or vagina, no systemic signs - 58How does the age of an animal with calf diarrhoea help you diagnose?Under a week of age - E. Coli
Over 3 weeks - Coccidiosis - 59What are you differentials for calf diarrhoea?E. coli K99, Salmonella, coccidia, cryptosporidia, rotovirus, coronavirus, poor feeding
- 60How do you diagnose calf diarrhoea?Faecal samples, FEC, post mortem
- 61How do you treat calf diarrhoea?Fluid therapy - electrolytes and milk, gradually increase milk
Antibiotics in collapsed calves - 62What is the rule with colostrum?2L within 6 hours and 4L within 12 hours
- 63What causes woody tongue? How do you treat?Actinobacillus lignieresi
Streptomycin - 64What causes lumpy jaw? How do you treat?Actinomyces bovis
Tetracycline - 65How does sporidesmin causes FE?Ingestion of spores when grazing, release from spores in GI tract and absorbed into blood stream, releases free radicals that damages lining of bile ducts and bladder lining, prevents excretion of waste products from chlorophyll metabolism (phylloerythrin), builds up in blood and reacts with sunlight
- 66What are you top differentials for adult diarrhoea?Salmonella, Johnes, Mucosal disease, MCF, Parasites, winter dysentery, dietary, toxic, theileria
- 67What are the clinical signs of Johne's disease? What is the disease progressionWatery diarrhoea, oedema, wasting and weight loss
Infected in first 3 months of life but disease occurs at 3-4 years old - 68What is tuberculosis caused by? How is it tested for?Mycoplasma bovis
Intradermal test - 69What trace elements would you test for? When and what sample?Se - whole blood/ serum
Calves - post weaning
Heifers and cows - pre calving
Cu - Liver
Heifers - pre winter
Cows - pre/post calving
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