Flashcards
Gas Exchange I - Gas Exchange in living Organisms
Flashcards do conjunto (33)
- 1Describe the process of internal respirationEnergy is made available to cells and liberated via glycolysis/TCA cycle
i.e. (Metabolism) - 2Describe the process of external respirationExchange of gases with the external environment
- 3Describe the exchange of respiratory gases in respiration (2)intake of atmospheric O2 for cellular metabolism
Elimination of CO2 produced by metabolising cells. - 4Describe the exchange of respiratory gases in photosynthesis (2)Intake of atmospheric CO2 for photosynthesis
Elimination of O2 as by-product - 5How does gas exchange take place across biological membranes?Gas exchange occurs passively via simple diffusion as a result of partial pressure differences
- 6What is meant by partial pressure?The pressure of a single gas in a gas mixture
- 7List physical factors that influence the rate of diffusion (6)1. Partial pressure differences
2. Diameter of the gas molecule
3.Temperature
4. Solubility of the gas in liquid
5. Thickness of the gas exchange surface
6.Surface area of the gas exchange surface - 8Show Fick's Law (7)Applies to all gas exchange systems:
Q=DA/ ((PE-PI)/L)
Q=Rate of diffusion
D=Diffusion coefficient (physical factors affecting gas molecules)
A=Surface area
(PE-PI)=Partial pressure difference between external/internal enviro.
L=Thickness of interface, inverse
relationship to Q - 9How do environmental conditions affect O2 availability? (5)1. Air is a better respiratory medium.
2. There's more O2 available per unit volume
3.O2 diffusion is faster
4. Turbulence of H2O
5. O2 availability affected altitude - 10What do the respiratory systems of animals consist of? (3)1. Specialised body surfaces for Gx
2. Mechanisms to ventilate the external surface.
3. Mechanisms to perfuse media across the internal surface. - 11What is the primary role of a respiratory system?Meet the metabolic needs of an organism.
- 12How do the respiratory systems of smaller organisms differ from those of larger organisms (usually) ? (31. Some organisms have no specialised respiratory organs.
2. O2 is obtained via simple diffusion across the body surface
3. This requires thin moist integuments. - 13Why aren't these adaptations suitable for larger organisms?As O2 can't diffuse directly to the cells and therefore specialised mechanisms are required
- 14Describe the 4 named examples of respiratory organs and how they carry out their roles in organisms (8)1. External gills
project into aquatic O2 media, vulnerable.
2. Internal gills
Protective layer, has access to O2, more protected.
3.Lungs
Branching shape, internal conditions maintained consistently, protected.
4. Tracheae
Has branches and diversions. - 15Describe the adaptations of life to liquid environments. (4)1. Gills are highly branched and folded extensions of the body surface - with evaginations.
2. Maximises surface area.
3.Thin tissue, which minimises diffusion path length.
4. New medium continuously flows over surface. - 16Describe the adaptations of life to gaseous environments. (5)1. Invaginations of respiratory surface offer protection.
2. Also increases internal surface area, branches end in air sacs.
3.Thin tissue minimises diffusion pathway lengths.
4. Highly vascular maintain material exchange gradient.
5. Elastic lungs recoil and retain original shape, allows increases of capacity. - 17Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of the human respiratory system (6)Labelled: Pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea (cartilogenous rings), 1' bronchioles, lung.
- 18What structures of the respiratory system are contained within the conducting zones of the lungs? (5)Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
- 19What structures of the respiratory system are contained within the transitional and respiratory zones? (3)Respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs - 20What happens in the "dead space" of the conducting zone? (4)1. Transfer of gases to/from alveoli.
2. Warming and humidifying of inspired air.
3. Filtration and removal of foreign material, prevented from entering blood stream.
4. Doesn't contribute to gas exchange. - 21What happens in the transitional and respiratory zones? (4)1. Gas exchange.
2. O2 Delivery to blood.
3.CO2 transfer from blood.
4. Diffusion. - 22Draw a diagram taken from a spirometer testTidal volume, FRC, IRV, inspiratory capacity, expiratory reserve vol., vital capacity, residual vol.
- 23What does the tidal volume show?Average breath
- 24What does the vital capacity show?Max. breath effort
- 25What does the inspiratory reserve volume show?The change between a normal breath in and a max inspiratory effort.
- 26What does the inspiratory reserve capacity show?Total amount of air inhaled after an exhalation.
- 27What does the residual volume show?Air reserve left in lungs, even after max. exhalation.
- 28What does the expiratory reserve volume show?Air volume reserve in lung left after normal tidal breathing.
- 29What are the consequences of tidal ventilation? (5)1. Incoming air is mixed with "used" gases.
2. Reserve provides an O2 reservoir (no shit sherlock)
3. 'Dead space' doesn't participate in Gx.
4. Allows the warming/humidifying of air
5. Provides protection and movement of foreign material facilitated via cilia/mucus. - 30How do you calculate the alveolar ventiliation rate?VT=VD+VA
V=VD+VA
V=total volume of lung
D=Volume of dead space
A=amount of fresh air available for Gx.
so VA=(TV-DS) x Breathing rate - 31How is alveolar ventilation increased?By an increase in tidal volume and respiratory frequency, both of which can be consciously increased.
- 32How does avian ventilation maximise Gx?By flowing unidirectional to prevent incoming air mixing with "used" air.
- 33Look at the avian breath diagram, describe the flow of fresh air.bussy
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- Criado por J yadonknow · 20 dez 2017
- Copiado por J yadonknow · 27 dez 2017
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