Flashcards
Understanding Internet Protocol (IP)
Flashcards do conjunto (28)
- 1IPv4Internet Protocol version (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol and the first version to be widely deployed.
IPv4 is frequently used communications protocol and is one of the core protocols for the internet.
IP resides on the network layer of the OSI model. - 2IP AddressIP addresses consist of four octet (8-bits), each between 0 and 255.
Examples include:
o 12.5.24.2
o 127.0.0.1
o 192.168.3.54
o 208.32.56.232 - 3IP AddressIn order for an IP address to function, there must be properly configured IP address and compatible subnet mask.
To connect to the internet (or any remote network), you will also need a gateway address and - optionally - a DNS server address. - 4Classful Network ArchitectureThe IPv4 classification system is known as a classful network architecture broken down into five sections: Classes A, B, and C are commonly used.
An Class A IP address, the first octet is the "network" portion. - 5Class A0-127
255.0.0.0
Net.Host.Host.Host - 6Class B128 - 191
255.255.0.0
Net.Net.Host.Host - 7Class C192 - 223
255.255.255.0
Net.Net.Net.Host - 8Classful Network ArchitectureNetwork ID 192.168.0;my host ID, 1.
What`s the network ID versus what`s the host ID, the subnet mask is basically what differentiates those two. - 9Loopback TestingThe range for Class A is 0-127
The 127 network number isn't used by hosts as a logical IP address. Instead, this network is used for loopback IP addresses, allowing for testing.
127.0.0.1 (Ping your own machine) - 10Useable AddressesUseable addresses are always going to be two less than the mathematical amount.
The first and last addresses cannot be used
o For network 172.24.3.X
o The 0s (in binary) for the host address is the entire network
o 172.24.3.255
o The 1s (in binary) for the host address is the broadcast address
o 172.24.3.255 - 11Useable AddressesClass D and Class E are not used by the regular hosts
Class D is used for what is known as multicasting-transmitting data to multiple computers (or routers).
Class E was reserved for future use, but this has given way to IPv6. - 12IP ConflictIP conflicts occur when two devices have been assigned the same IP address.
Windows error:
There is an IP address conflict with another system on the network.
If there is an IP address conflict, the devices will have problems sending receiving data. - 13Public and Private Addresses" IPv4 addresses are further classified as either public or private. Public IP addresses are ones that are exposed to the internet.
" Devices connected to the internet can potentially communicate with them.
" Private IP addresses are hidden from the internet and any other networks.
" Usually behind an IP proxy or firewall.
" Private Address - 14Static and Dynamic Addresses" Static IP addresses are addresses that are manually assigned to a host.
" Dynamic IP addresses are more common than static IP addresses, whereas they automatically obtain an IP address (and other IP information).
" Useful for servers and routers to have static IP addresses. - 15APIPA" APIPA is an acronym for Automatic Private Addressing
" It uses a single Class B network number: 169.254.0.0
" If a windows client cannot get an IP address from DHCP server and has not been configured statically, it will auto-assign a number on this network.
" If there is no DHCP server, then a network of computers using the APIPA can still communicate with each other on a network using a switch. - 16Default Gateway and DNS server" For a device to communicate on the internet, a default gateway and DNS sever must be assigned.
" Default gateway - Provides a default route for TCP/IP hosts to use when communicating with hosts on remote networks.
The first IP address of the device that a client computer will look for when attempting to gain access outside the local network. - 17Default Gateway and DNS serverDNS Server - The server that provides name resolution of domain names to IP addresses.
" Ipconfig - Basic information
" Ipconfig /all - Extended information - 18Network Address Translation" Network Address Translation (NAT) provides a method for translating IPv4 addresses of devices on one network into IPv4 addresses of devices on a different network.
" NAT was developed to provide a temporary solution to the IPv4 address issue.
" Enables one address space (Private) to be re-mapped to another address space, or perhaps remapped to a single public IP address. - 19Subnetting" Subnetting is the subdivision of your logical IP network
" By default, all computers are on one subnet or network with no divisions involved.
" By modifying the default subnet mask, you can subnet your network into multiple smaller networks.
" A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. - 20IPv6" IPv6 is the new generation of IP addressing for the internet.
" IPv6 solves many of the limitations of IPv4, including address space and security.
" Ipv6 addresses are represented as 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits.
" IPv6 is not backwards compatible with IPv4. - 21IPv6" Ipv6 is a 128-bit system while IPv4 is only a 32-bit system.
" IPv4 allows approximately 4.3 billion IP addresses
" Ipv6 allows 3.4 X 10^38 (340 undecillion) addresses. - 22IPv6 Addresses Types" Unicast address: Packet is delivered to a single network interface.
There are two types of unicast addresses.
" Global unicast addresses are routable and displayed directly to the internet.
" Link local address are automatically configured addresses to communicate with devices on the same link (subnet). - 23IPv6 Addresses Types" Anycast address: Identifies multiple interfaces, but the packet is delivered to the nearest of the network interfaces (routing distance).
" Multicast address: Packet is delivered to multiple network interfaces. - 24Ipv6 Address Components" IPv6 addresses are broken down into three parts:
" Site prefix: The first three groups of numbers that define the "network".
" Subnet ID: Defines the individual subnet of the network that the address is located on.
" Interface ID: The individual host IP portion.
" IPv6 Address: 2001:4860:0000:2001:0000:0000:0000:0068 - 25Dual IP Stack" A dual IP stack exists when there are two Internet Protocol software implementations in an operating system, one for IPv4 and another for IPv6.
" Dual stack IP hosts can run IPv4 and IPv6 independently, or they can use a hybrid implementation, which is the most commonly used method for modern operating systems. - 26Ipv4-Mapped Addresses" IPv4-mapped addresses have the first 80 bits set to 0 (note the double colon), the next 16 set to 1 (shown as ffff), and the last 32 bits populated by the IPv4 address.
" These addresses look like IPv6 addresses, other than the last 32 bits, which are written in the customary dot-decimal notation. - 27Ipv4-Mapped Addresses" Ipv4-mapped IPv6 address for address 10.254.254.1 is ::ffff:10.254.254.1
" This is a way to encapsulate an IPv4 address into an IPv6 address. - 28IPv4 to IPv6 Tunneling" IPv6 packets can be encapsulated inside IPv4 datagrams.
" In Microsoft operating systems, this is generally done with Teredo adapter, which is a virtual adapter or "pseudo-interface", not a physical network adapter. An example of one of these addresses would be:
Fe80::5efe:10.0.0.2%2
" Used if you want to use old hardware, like switches and routers that don't support IPv6.
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- FlashCards sobre Understanding Internet Protocol (IP), criado por Tim Bowater em 06-02-2018.
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- Tim Bowater
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