Flashcards
A & P Lecture Test #2
Flashcards do conjunto (200)
- 1Name the 2 major types of Cell CommunicationDirect and Indirect
- 2Name the 2 major examples of direct intercellular communicationGap Junctions and Cell Surface Markers
- 3State the location and function of Gap JunctionsLocation- B/t 2 cells
Function- Allows ions and small molecules to cross so cells can communicate - 4Define ConnexinsProteins that form gap junctions
- 5Define SynctiumSingle cell that contains multiple Nuclei
- 6Give an example of 2 tissues that have gap junctionsLungs and Cardiac Muscle
- 7State the location and function of cell-cell surface markersLocation- Surface of the cell
Function- Bind to surface markers on another cell so that cells can communicate - 8Give a specific example of a contact dependent signalMacrophages "giving" an antigen to a T cell
- 9Name the four major examples of indirect intercellular communicationParacrine and Autocrine Signals
Neurotransmitter Secretions
Hormonal Secretions
Neurohormone Secretions - 10State the function of paracrine signals and how far they travel Give an example of a paracrine signalCause another cell to carry out a response
Not far
Histamines - 11State the function of autocrine signals and how far they travel Give an example of an autocrine signalCause a response in the same cell
Do not travel
T cells - 12Define neurotransmitterChemical messenger secreted by a neuron in response to an electrical signal
- 13Define HormoneChemical messenger secreted by an endocrine cell and then enter the blood
- 14Define neurohormoneChemical messenger secreted by a neuron that goes into the blood and acts on a target cell
- 15List the 5 major steps in most cell signal pathways1. Signal molecule released
2. Signal molecule binds to receptor
3. Receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to a gene
4. The synthesis of a protein is either activated or suppressed
4. Protein causes a response - 16Name the 2 major types of cell signal receptorsCell Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Receptors
- 17Intracellular Receptors: Are the signal molecules Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic? Is the process fast or slow?Hydrophobic
Slow - 18Cell Membrane Receptors: Can they pass the membrane? Fast or slow process?No
Faster - 192 types of molecules that use intracellular receptorsSteroid hormones and Thyroid hormones
- 20Name the 4 types of cell membrane receptorsReceptor Channels
Receptor Enzymes
Integrin Receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptors - 21Describe how receptor-channels functionLigand binds, causing the channel to open or close
Ions either enter, exit, or stop flowing
This opens or closes nearby Voltage gated channels
Response - 22Give a specific example of a molecule that binds to receptor-channel proteinsNeurotransmitter
- 23Describe how receptor-enzymes functionLigand binds to receptor- enzyme
This activated an intracellular enzyme
Response - 24Define Guanylyl CyclaseAmplifier enzyme that converts GTP to cGMP
- 25Define Protein KinaseEnzyme that transfers a Phosphate group from ATP to a protein, thus activating the protein
- 26Write the general chemical reaction that Guanylyl Cyclase catalyzesGTP + Inactive Protein
------------>
cGMP + Active Protein - 27Write out the general chemical equation that protein kinases catalyzeATP + Inactive Protein
------------>
ADP + Active Protein - 28Give 3 examples of molecules that bind to receptor enzymesInsulin
Cytokines
Growth Factors - 29Describe how Integrin receptors function Give 3 examples of molecules that bind to these receptorsLigand binds to receptor
This alters the Cytoskeleton or Activates intracellular enzymes
Ex: Antibodies, Proteins in the ECM, Molecules for blood clotting - 30Name 2 types of G-protein-Coupled Receptor (GCPR) PathwayscAMP signaling Pathway
Phospholipase C - 31Give 3 examples of molecules that bind to GPCR'sHormones
Growth Factors
Visual pigments - 32Simply describe that cAMP second messenger pathway1. Ligand binds to G-Protein Receptor
2. GDP is recplaced by GTP on the G receptor
3. GTP & The Alpha Subunit move and bind to Adenylyl Cyclase
4. cAMP activates Protein Kinase A
5. Response - 33What does Phosphodiesterase (PDE) do/What is it?It's an enzyme that inactivates cAMP to stop the pathway
- 34What does Adenylyl Cyclase do/What is it?Enzyme that catalyzes ATP--> cAMP
- 35What does Protein Kinase A (PKA) do/What is it?Enzyme that removes a P from ATP and gives it to an inactive protein
- 36What organelle stores Calcium ions?SER
- 37Identify the 1st and 2nd messengers in a GCPR- Adenylyl Cyclase pathway1. Ligand
2. cAMP - 38Simple describe the steps in the Phospholipase C Pathway1. Ligand binds to G-Protein Receptor
2. GDP is replaced by GTP on the G receptor
3. GTP & The Alpha Subunit move and bind to Phospholipase C
4. DAG activates Protein Kinase C
5. Response
-----------------------
Simultaneously, IP3 binds to IP3 gated Calcium channel. Calcium flows out and causes a response and activates Calmodulin - 39What does Phospholipase C do/What is it?Enzyme that catalyzes PIP2 ----> DAG + IP3
- 40What are the 1st and 2nd messengers in a GCPR- Phospholipase C Pathway?1. Ligand
2. DAG and IP3 - 41Identify the various functions of proteins modified by GCPR'sControl metabolic enzymes
Control motor proteins for muscle contractions
Regulate gene activity
Regulate protein synthesis - 42What is signal amplification and signal termination?Amp- Single Ligand activates many things
Term- Signal, and thus the response, is stopped - 43Define Agonist Define AntagonistMolecule that mimics ligand to produce the same response
Molecule that binds to the receptor so the Ligand can't bind; No response made - 44Name the overall funtions of: Epithelial Tissue Connective TissueCover body, line hollow organs
Connect and Bind - 45Name the overall funtions of: Muscular Tissue Nervous TissueMovement
Communication and Control - 46Define the pneumonic used to remember the general structure of all Epithelial TissuesCells tightly packed; May have Cilia or Microvilli
Attached to a Basement Membrane
Polarity- Different regions
Avascular
Regenerate easily
Innervated
Connections b/t Epithelial Cells - 47Function of Tight Junctions?Seal the space b/t cells
- 48Function of Adherens Junctions?Keep cells from separating, allows molecules b/t cells
- 49Function of Desmosomes?Prevent tearing
- 50Function of Gap Junctions?Form channels for ions and small molecules to pass through
- 51Location of Simple Squamous ET?Lines capillaries, veins, arteries, heart chambers, air sacs in lungs, and ventral body cavities/organs in those cavities
- 52Location of Simple Cuboidal ET?Tubes of the Kidneys, Thyroid gland, surface of ovaries, duct part of glands
- 53Location of Simple Columnar ET?Most of the GI tract, smaller bronchi and bronchioles, and the fallopian tubes
- 54Location of Pseudostratified Columnar ET?Most of UR Tract and sperm carrying ducts (in males)
- 55Location of Stratified Squamous Keratinized ET?Skin
- 56Location of Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinized ET?Mouth, Esophagus, Vagina, Anus
- 57Location of Transitional ET?Lines the Ureters, bladder, and urethra
- 58Location of Stratified Cuboidal ET?Secretory part of sweat glands
- 59Function of Simple Squamous ET?Allows filtration in capillaries, smooth flow of blood, and gas diffusion
Secretes lubricating fluids - 60Function of Simple Cuboidal ET?Secretion and Absorption
Secretes Thyroid hormones
Moves substances like sweat, tears, etc - 61Function of Simple Columnar ET?Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes
Absorbs nutrients
Moves mucus from lungs
Moves eggs to uterus - 62Function of Pseudostratified Columnar ET?Secretes and moves mucus, protects and moves sperm
- 63Function of Stratified Squamous Keratinized ET?Strengthens and waterproofs skin
- 64Function of Stratified Squamous Nonkeratinized ET?Protects underlying tissues
- 65Function of Stratified Cuboidal ET?Secretes substances and strengthens walls of the gland
- 66Function of Transitional ET?Allows organs to stretch
- 67Function and Location of Mucous MembranesSecretes Mucus to prevent drying and to trap bacteria
- 68Function and Location of Serous MembranesSecretes fluids that reduce friction and prevent organs from sticking together
Lines the wall of Ventral Cavities - 69Function and Location of Cutaneous MembranesProtects internal organs and prevents water loss and infection
Covers body surface (skin) - 70Function and Location of Synovial MembranesSecretes Synovial fluid to lubricate joints and nourish chondrocytes
Synovial joints (B/t knees, hips, elbows, etc) - 71____________ CT is connected is found in all 4 body membranesAreolar
- 72This type of ET is found in Serous MembranesSimple Squamous
- 73This type of ET is found in Cutaneous membranesKeratinized Stratified Squamous
- 74These types of ET may be found in Synovial membranesSimple Squamous or Simple Cuboidal
- 75Name the 3 major types of serous membranesPleural
Pericardial
Peritoneal - 76Describe the 4 general characteristics of all CT's1. Specialized and widely scattered cells
2. 1+ types of protein fibers
3. Ground Substance
4. Vascular and Innervated - 77What are the only CT's that are avascular?Dense Regular
All 3 Cartilages - 78What is the function of Collagen?Provides STRENGTH/ Resists stetching
- 79Function of Reticular protein fibers?Provide STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK AND FLEXIBILITY
- 80Function of Elastin Protein Fibers?STRETCH and RECOIL
- 81Define ground substance & what it's made ofFluid found b/t all CT cells; made of Fibroblasts
- 82What is the Extracellular Matrix made of?Protein Fibers and Ground Substance
- 83Function and Location of Areolar CTWraps and cushions body and organs; WBC's fight infections
All over body - 84Function and Location of Adipose CTStore energy, Protects organs, and Insulation
Under the skin; In abdomen, kidneys, eyeballs, breasts, and butt - 85Function and Location of Reticular CTFramework for cells
Lymphoid organs (Tonsils, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus gland) - 86Function and Location of Dense Regular CTWithstands pulling forces in ONE direction
Tendon, Ligaments, and Aponeuroses (Flat Tendons) - 87Function and Location of Dense Irregular CTWithstands pulling forces in MANY directions & gives strength
Dermis, Perichondrium, and Capsules around joints - 88Function and Location of Elastic CTAllows tissue to stretch and recoil
Walls of large arteries, in certain Ligaments, and around Bronchi - 89Function and Location of Hyaline Cartilage CTSupport and flexibility, reduces friction b/t bones, supports, resists compression
Fetal skeleton, end of long bones, b/t ribs and sternum, end of nose, walls of Trachea, Larynx, and Bronchi - 90Function and Location of Fibrocartilage CTResists strong compressive and pulling forces
B/t Vertebrae, b/t hip bones, disks of joints - 91Function and Location of Elastic Cartilage CTMaintains shape of structure and allows flexibility
Ear and Epiglottis - 92What kind of Protein Fibers in Areolar CT?All 3
- 93What kind of Protein Fibers in Adipose CT?Collagen
- 94What kind of Protein Fibers in Dense Regular CT?Mostly Collagen
Few Elastic - 95What kind of Protein Fibers in Dense Irregular CT?Mostly Collagen
Few Elastic - 96What kind of Protein Fibers in Elastic CT?Mostly Elastic
Few Collagen - 97What kind of Protein Fibers in Hyaline Cartilage CT?Collagen
- 98What kind of Protein Fibers in Fibrocartilage CT?Collagen
- 99What kind of Protein Fibers in Elastic Cartilage CT?Lots of Elastic
Some Collagen - 100Name the organs that make up the Integumentary SystemSkin, hair, glands, nails
- 101Name the 5 major functions of the Integumentary SystemProtection
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Excretion
Vit. D Synthesis - 102Explain why exposure to too much UV radiation if harmful but exposure to some UV radiation is healthyToo much- Mutates DNA; Cancer
Some- Plays role in Vit. D synthesis and ultimately Calcium absorption - 103Function of: Melanocytes KeratinocytesProduce Melanin
Produce Keratin - 104Function of: Melanin KeratinProtect DNA from UV
Makes tissue tough and more resistant to stress - 105Name the tissue layers that have cells that undergo mitosis and thus contribute to the replacement of cells on the skin surfaceStratum Basale and Stratum Spinosum
- 106Structure and function of Stratum BasaleS- Single layer of cubes/rectangles
F- Produce precursor for Vit. D and cell division - 107Structure and function of Stratum SpinosumS- Thickest, looks spiky
F- Help produce Vit. D & Cell Division - 108Structure and function of Stratum GranulosumS- 3-5 rows of Cytoplasmic Granules in cells
F- Releases lipids to act as water barrier - 109Structure and function of Stratum LucidumS- Narrow, clear layer of dead cells
F- Help resist pressure - 110Structure and function of Stratum CorneumS- 15-30 layers of dead, flat cells
F- Protection from abrasion and penetration, also waterproofs - 111What tissue makes up the Epidermis?Stratified Squamous ET
- 112Structure, Function, and Location of Papillary sublayer of the DermisS- Made of loose CT w/ Collagen and Elastin Fibers
F- Houses blood vessels to feed the dermis and epidermis; Helps w/ light touch
L- Areolar CT - 113Structure, Function, and Location of Reticular sublayer of the DermisS- Dense Irregular CT, lots of Collagen and Elastin fibers
F- Strength and stretchability
L- Dense Irregular CT - 114Function of Epidermal ridges?Enhance gripping ability of hands and feet
Tiny sweat pores release sweat in the form of a fingerprint - 115What type of stimulus do Tactile cells/ Merkle Cells sense?Light, sustained touch
- 116What type of stimulus do Tactile Corpuscles/Meissner's Corpuscles sense?Light touch and light pressure
- 117What type of stimulus do Lamellated Corpuscles/Pacinian Corpuscles sense?Deep pressure
- 118What type of stimulus do Free Nerve endings sense?Temperature and Pain
- 119What type of stimulus does a Root Hair Plexus sense?Movement of hair and skin
- 120Lamellated Corpuscles look likeOnions
- 121Tactile Corpuscles look likeCotton Candy
- 122How does Melanin influence skin color?Different shades of Melanin are inherited from parents and determine shade of skin
- 123How can Carotene influence skin color?It can accumulate in the Stratum Corneum
- 124List the 3 reasons some people have darker skin1. Inherited darker versions of Melanin
2. More Melanin Granules
3. More Melanin in each Melanocyte - 125List 3 factors besides the 3 pigments that can influence skin color1. Lack of Oxygen
2. Alcohol
3. Exposure to sun - 126This hair structure is the portion projecting from the skin surface and is made of dead KeratinocytesHair shaft
- 127This part of the hair is the portion embedded in the Dermis and is made of 3 layers of KeratinocytesHair root
- 128This part of the hair includes the hair root and hair papilla; It's the bulging base of the hair folliceHair bulb
- 129This portion of the hair is a small group of cells at the base of the hair rootHair matrix
- 130This portion of the hair is a nipple-shaped indentation with nerves and blood vesselsHair papilla
- 131This portion of the hair is the outer layer surrounding the hair rootHair follicle
- 132Function of the hair shaftTrap warm air and sense light touch
- 133Function of the hair rootAnchors the hair to the skin
- 134Function of the hair bulbProduce new hair cells
- 135Function of hair matrixGives rise to new hair cells
- 136Function of hair papillaNourish the hair follicle
- 137Function of hair follicleProtects the hair
- 138Functions of the hairProtects from light, particles, and trauma
Senses light touch - 139Structure and Function of the Arrector PiliS- Tiny bands of smooth muscle
F- Contract to make hair stand up - 140This type of sweat gland has a secretory portion deep in the skin that is coiled; The duct opens up in a funnel shapeEccrine Sweat gland
- 141This type of sweat gland has a duct that opens into a hair follicleApocrine Sweat Gland
- 142Function of Sudoriferous GlandsForm sweat to cool the body; Sweat also carries away toxins
- 1432 types of Sudoriferous GlandsEccrine
Apocrine - 144Function of Sebaceous GlandsSecrete sebum to keep skin and hair moist; Sebum also kills bacteria
- 145Sebaceous glands are filled with little cells called __________Alveoli
- 146Sebaceous glands have a secretory potion and a duct portion. What type of tissue makes up each portion?Secretory- Stratified Cuboidal
Duct- Simple Cuboidal - 147Name the organs that make up the Skeletal systemBones
Cartilage
Joints
Ligaments - 148Describe the 6 major functions of the skeletal system1. Support
2. Protect organs
3. Mineral storage
4. Blood Cell formation
5. Fat storage
6. Movement - 149Name the 2 major types of cartilage tissue that are found in the skeletal systemHyaline and Fibrocartilage
- 150Where is Hyaline Cartilage found in the Skeletal system?Fetal skeleton, end of long bones, and connects ribs to sternum
- 151Where is Fibrocartilage found in the Skeletal System?Meniscus of knee, shoulder, hip joints, etc. Intervertebral Disks and Pubic Symphysis
- 152Both the Proximal and Distal Epiphysis form our ___________Joints
- 153Before puberty, this bone structure is involved in growth in LENGTHMetaphysis
- 154The Metaphysis is made of what before puberty? After puberty?Hyaline Cartilage
Compact bone - 155These bone structures are made of a thin layer of compact bone and lots of spongy boneProximal and Distal Epiphysis
- 156What is the structure and function of the Diaphysis?S- Made mostly of compact bone with a thin layer of spongy bone
F- Holds bone marrow and gives bone strength - 157Structure and Function of Articular CartilageS- Thin piece of Hyaline Cartilage on the outer surface of the Epiphysis
F- Decreases friction b/t 2 bones in a joint - 158Structure and Function of the Marrow/Medullary CavityS- Space in the Center of the Diaphysis
F- Holds the 2 types of Bone Marrow - 159This bone structure is a thin membrane of Dense Irregular CT that lines the Marrow Cavity, Central Canal of Osteons, and the surfaces of spongy bonesEndosteum
- 160Function of the EndosteumRepairs bone; Involved in bone growth in WIDTH
- 161This bone structure is a thin membrane made of Dense Irregular CT that covers the entire bone except for the Articular CartilagePeriosteum
- 162Function of the PeriosteumRepairs bone; Involved in bone growth in WIDTH and takes blood vessels to bone tissue
- 163Function of Spongy Bone (2)Lightens bone weight
Stores Ca+2 and P - 164Function of yellow and red bone marrowYellow- Store adipose tissue to store energy
Red- Store blood tissue to form all blood cells - 165Function of compact bone (2)Withstand forces
Store Ca+2 and P - 166Difference b/t Epiphyseal Plate/ Growth plate and an Epiphyseal Line?Plate- Name of the Metaphysis BEFORE puberty; Growth in bone Length occurs here
Line- Another name for Metaphysis - 167Name the 4 types of bone cellsOsteoprogenitor Cells/Osteogenic Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts - 168Describe what Osteoprogenitor Cells/Osteogenic Cells looks like and their FunctionFried Egg
Are stem cells; Divide to make Osteoblasts and other Osteogenic cells - 169Describe what Osteoblasts looks like and their FunctionCubes
BUILD bone Matrix - 170Describe what Ostecytes looks like and their FunctionSpider/Neuron
REGULATE bone matrix - 171When Osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix, they become ___________Osteocytes
- 172Describe what Osteoclasts looks like and their FunctionPacman w/ multiple Nuclei
CRUSHES bone matrix by secreting enzymes and HCl - 173Name the protein fiber found in the matrix of bone tissueCollagen fiber
- 174Describe and tell the function of the ground substance found in the matrix of bone tissueMade of Calcium-Phosphate Crystals that harden the bones and help them to resist compression
- 175Describe the structures found in both compact and spongy boneLamellae
The 4 types of bone cells
Lacunae
Canaliculi - 176This structure found in both compact and spongy bone is made of calcified MatrixLamellae
- 177Where do Osteocytes "live"?In Lacunae
- 178What are Canaliculi?Little canals/channels where the "legs" of Osteocytes sit
- 179In Compact bone, the matrix is organized into concentric rings called ________Osteons
- 180In _________ bone, each Osteon is organized by rings called _________Compact
Lamellae - 181What are the 2 canals found in the Osteons of Compact bone?Central/Haversian Canals
Perforating/Volkmann Canals - 182The major difference in structure b/t compact and spongy boneSpongy bone has no osteons
- 183Instead of Osteons, spongy bone has what?Trabeculae (Flat plats of Lamellae)
- 184What is Ossification/Osteogenesis?The process of forming bone tissue
- 185What is happening in Intramembranous Ossification/Dermal Ossification? What bones are being made? When does it begin?Bone tissue replaces Messenchyme membrane to form these bones in the Fetus:
FPOT bones of skull
Lower Jaw
Clavicles
Week 6 of development - 186What is happening in Endochondral Ossification? When does it begin?Bone tissue is replacing the existing Hyaline Cartilage in the fetus
Week 6 of development - 187Main difference b/t Interstitial and Appositional Bone Growth?I= Bone growth in LENGTH
A= Bone growth in WIDTH - 188Where does Interstitial Bone growth occur? Appositional Bone growth?Epiphyseal Plate
In the Periosteum - 189Name the 3 major hormones involved in stimulating bone growthGrowth hormone
Testosterone
Estrogen - 190Briefly describe bone remodeling and give examples of when this occursIt's the continuous removal and replacement of protein and mineral parts of the bone in order to maintain proper Calcium and P levels
When you break a bone or exercise - 191Define the root words: Peri- -Clast -Blast TrabeculaAround
Break
Precursor
Wall - 192The Inner layer of the joint capsule (Synovial Membrane) is made of what kinds of tissues?Areolar CT and either Simple Cuboidal or Simple Squamous ET
- 193What is the function of the Inner Layer of the Joint Capsule (AKA the Synovial Membrane)?Secretes Synovial fluid
- 194Function of Synovial FluidDecreases Friction at a joint
- 195This structure is made of Dense Regular CT and links 2 bones togetherLigament
- 196This part of a joint is made of Dense Irregular CT and stabilizes the jointOuter layer of Joint Capsule
- 197This structure of a joint is the space between 2 bones that holds the Synovial fluidSynovial Cavity
- 198This structure in a joint is a sac lined with a synovial membrane that is filled with Synovial fluid and is located where tendons or ligaments rub against other bones of structuresBursa/Bursae
- 199Where are fat pads located? Function of fat pads?Between certain bones
They fill the space created when bones move - 200This structure of a joint is a pad of Fibrocartilage fount b/t 2 bones that don't fit well togetherMeniscus/Menisci
Informações
- Descrição
- FlashCards sobre A & P Lecture Test #2, criado por Megan Shelton em 23-02-2018.
- Criado por
- Megan Shelton · fev 2018
- Atualizado
- 7 mar 2018
- Visualizações
- 0
- Avaliação