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Flashcards

GBL Final

Aster BF Global Studies Inglês 59 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (59)

  1. 1Global Commodity Chainvalue-adding chains, global industries, and the sellers of global products
  2. 2Race to the bottomcountries involved in a downward spiral of competativeness (for less "developed" countries to compte and succeed in the global economy, they must uncercut the competition by offering ower wages, poorer working conditions, etc.)
  3. 3Outsourcing (and offshore)transfer of activities once performed by an entity to a business(es) in exchange for money
    offshore outsourcing - most closely and importantly associated with globalization. transfer of activities to entities in other countries. many benefits and costs.
  4. 4Neoliberalism (what is it, what ideas does it consist of, what are some critiques of it)liberal commitment to individual liberty, abelief in the free market and opposition to state itnervention in it
    For one thing, its authoritarianism co-exists uncomfortably with its supposed interest in individual freedom and democracy. For another, while it is committed to stability, its operations, especially in support of financial (and other) speculation, leads to increased instability (as is clear from the Great Recession and austerity measures). Then there is its commitment to competition while it actually operates on behalf of monopolization. Most generally, there is the contradiction that its public support for the well-being of everyone is given the lie by its actions in support of the economic elites.
  5. 5structural adjustmentConditions of economic “restructuring” imposed by organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF on borrowing nation-states.
  6. 6economic globalizationgrowing economic linkages at the global level
  7. 7political globalizationpolitical relations that exist at a global level, including intern-ational relations
  8. 8cultural globalizationcultural influences that exist at a global level, between and among various nations
  9. 9difference between skeptics, globalists, and middle groundersskeptics - contend that there is no such thing as globalization (the term globalization is an over-simplification, there is no one single process of globalization, there are a wise variety of processes that affect the world in multiple different ways). world dominated by relationships between governments. no common global culture.
    globalists - believe that there is such a thing as globalization and that is encompasses virtually the entire globe. relatively new process. multiple relationships possible without involving governments. common global culture.
  10. 10metaphor of solids/liquids/gasesdescribes the mobility of people, places, things, information
    solidity - people, places, things, information "harden" over time and therefore have limited mobility
    liquidity - increasing ease of mobility
    gaseousness - hyper-mobility
  11. 11barriers to flowsheaviness/friction
    those constructed by nation-states, like borders, gates, customs agents, etc.
    corporate organizations (corporations), labor unions, and subtler structural barriers optimizing their own flows and reducing flows of others.
  12. 12globaphobiaemphasis on the negative aspeects of globalization, especially for the ess well-off parts of the globe
  13. 13globaphiliaemphasis on the positive aspects of globalization, especially greater economic success and the spread of democracy
  14. 14externalitythe spillover of a cost or benefit, as where industrial activity at a place leads to pullution off-site that must be paid for by someone else
  15. 15greenwashingthe exageratted or false marketing ofa product, good, or service as environmentally friendly
  16. 16commodificationthe transformationof an object or resource from something valued in and for itself, to something valued generically for exchange. in Marxist thought, it is the rise of the exchange value of a thing over its use value
  17. 17primitive accumulationin Marxist thought, the direct appropriation by capitalists of natural resources or goods from communities that historically tend to hold them collectively
  18. 18"spatial fix" and crisis of overaccumulationspatial fix - the tendency of capitalism to temporarily solve its inevitable periodic crises by establishing new markets, resources, and sites of production in other places
    overaccumulation - in political economic (and marxist) thought, a condition in the economy where capital becomes concentrated in very few hands or firms causing economic shutdown and potential socioeconomic crisis
    spatial fix can be a response to the crisis of overaccumulation
  19. 19First and second contradictions of capitalismin marxist thought, this describes the tendency for capitalism to eventually undermine the (first- economic. second- environmental.) conditions for its own perpetuation
    leading to responses by people tor esist capitalism and leading to a new form of economy
  20. 20McDonaldizationprocess by which the principles of the fast-food rstaraunt are coming to dominate more of the world (principles: calculability, predicitbility, control, efficiency, irrationality of rationality)
  21. 21Cultural differentialismcultures tend to remain stubbornly different from one another. lasting differences of cultures, largely unaffected by globalization.
  22. 22Cutlural hybridizationmixing of cultures leading to unique combinations - as a result of globalization.
  23. 23Cultural convergencecultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend to grow more alike. globalization tends to lead to increasing sameness throughout the world.
  24. 24time-space compressionthe shrinking of space and the reduction of the time required by a wide range of processes, brought about by changes in transportation and communication technologies advanced mainly by capitalist corporations
  25. 25time-space distanciationthe stretching of social relations across space and time brought about by technological change
  26. 26Malthusian vs political economy approaches to population and scarcitymalthusian: population growth is exponential, resources are linear. if population increases, we will run out of food/resources. women and the poor are to blame for having too many babies.
    political economy: scarcity is affected by access too, not just the ratio of population to resources. the elite are to blame because there is overaccumulation of access.
  27. 27How does the “cap and trade” model of regulating CO2 emissions differ from the “command-and-control” model?Cap and trade - total limit is placed on all emissions in an area and people/firms possess transferable shares of that total. Command and control - regulation dependent on the governmental laws/agencies to enforce rules
  28. 28Carbon sequestrationcapture and storage of carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere or geosphere through either biological means (photosynthesis) or engineered means
  29. 29Describe two factors that limit the effectiveness of consumer-side solutions to reducing CO2 emissions.the people with the most money are the ones who care the least about climate change
    the people with the most money are the most able to buy products that have low CO2 emissions, and the people who are poorest have the least ability to buy low CO2 products
  30. 30IPAThuman Impact is a function of the total Population, its overall Affluence, and its Technology; this provides an alternative formulation to a simple assumption that population alone is proportional to impact
  31. 31Common propertya good/resource whose characteristics make it difficult to fully enclose and partition
  32. 32How does hydrological scarcity differ from techno-economic scarcity?hydrological: bottled water is an inevitable response (combinations of climate, human population, affluence). also the ones most likely to turn to other capital and energy-demanding water solutions, including desalinization of sea water.
    techno-economic: conditions of underdevelopment exacerbated by swiftly urbanizing populations moving into budging municipalities. potable water is scarce, despite plentiful natural water sources.
  33. 33How does the bottled water industry represent an example of primitive accumulation?Taking of common property, typically belonging to indigenous peoples, and using it and selling it, disrupting indigenous people’s access to it
  34. 34Pollution havensPollution Haven Hypothesis A theory that holds that some countries might voluntarily reduce environmental regulations in order to attract foreign direct investments
  35. 35Basel Conventioninternational treaty that is designed to prevent wealthier countries from dumping hazardous waste on less wealthy countries
  36. 36Describe what is meant by “externality” and “spatial fix” in terms of how they relate to e-waste.externality: dealing with e-waste is put on house-holds, as well as municipalities and other levels of management. spatial fix: managers exploit consumers to pay for more sustainable practices and dump e-waste on other countries.
  37. 37What is one possible benefit and one shortcoming of the E-waste Stewardship Project?benefit: enforces the Basal Convention improvements on US companies. shortcoming: can’t reach companies that choose to work with non-certified recyclers
  38. 38Anthropocentrismview that humans are the central factor in considerations of right and wrong in action and towards nature
  39. 39Ecosystem servicesbenefits that an organic system creates though its function, including food resources, clean air/water, pollination, carbon sequestration, energy, nutrient cycling
  40. 40What does the U-shaped curve of forest cover represent, and what is one possible limitation of this model?represents the forest transition theory, which says that after deforestation, there is later forest growth and recovery. limitation: ecology/composition of secondary forests are not the same as the ones they replace
  41. 41What is one benefit of “shade-grown” coffee, and what is one limitation?benefit: cuts environmental costs like destruction of native forests. limitation: farmers more economically vulnerable during periods of lower prices
  42. 42Columbian exchangethe movement of species across the Atlantic Ocean from the New to the Old World and vice versa resulting in ecological transformations
  43. 43Preservation vs. conservationconservation focused on human interests (and their benefits and productivity) where as preservation focuses on the interests of the forest itself
  44. 44The authors state that "what may appear as individual choices about food consumption are directly related to political and economic factors." What is one example of this?residents of low-income, minority, and rural neighborhoods have less access to supermarkets and healthy food and more access to fast-food and energy-dense food
  45. 45More potatoes are being grown in developing countries to meet the global demand for fries. Why is this not necessarily a good thing for those countries?indigenous folks and smallholders/subsistence growers are pushed off the land to make room for factory farming, there is also less plant diversity, a higher energy input required to grow the plant if it’s not native, and pollution
  46. 46Push and pull factors influencing migration patternspush factors: natural disasters, financial instability, unemployment, war, political shifts, discrimination, disease, lack of resources. pull factors: lack of discrimination, sense of community/ similar culture or ideology, more opportunities/resources, scenery/landscape, development, diversity/variety, fame/tourism, economic opportunity, education, ease of migrancy
  47. 47Brain drainthe loss of potential from the resources invest into the people who migrate out
  48. 48Brain gainthe benefits of receiving the knowledge/skills from migrants
  49. 49Diasporathe large-scale dispersal of a population. term most associated with dispersion of Jews in years around birth of Christ.
  50. 50Refugeesthose forced to leave their homeland or who leave involuntarily for fear of their safety
  51. 51Remittancestransactions by which migrants send money back to their country of origin
  52. 52What are “forced migrants” and what are two push factors that could lead to forced migration?migrants who are compelled to leave their home country (includes refugees and asylum seekers). push factors: war, environmental catastrophe
  53. 53Describe two potentially adverse effects of tourism.damage to environment, damage to historic monuments/temples
  54. 54What is one environmental flow that was impacted by the formation of the Panamanian isthmus?oceanic flow - the currents of the water and the wind patterns changed worldwide, not just by the Panama canal
  55. 55Contagious vs. hierarchical diffusioncontagious: moves geographically across a terrain, spreads continually across. hierarchical: jumps over areas
  56. 56The “S-curve” of diffusionin the diffusion of an idea, technology, culture, etc, as time goes on, the percent of "knowers" in the population decreases, while the percent of "adopters" increases. There is also a group in the middle that are knowers but not adopters, and throughout there is a small percentage that are isolated nonknowers.
  57. 57Factors affecting emerging infectious diseases elaborate on those factors to describe why a certain disease might be spreading more broadlyenvironmental change and land use: deforestation pushes disease onto other areas and organisms, dammed rivers = stagnant water and snails carrying diseases
    population and behavior: more people, more disease
    breakdown of public health measures: neoliberalism pushes ideas of not spending money of public health
    microbial adaptation and change: superbugs due to medicine/antibiotics and antimicrobial soaps and handsanitizers
    international travel and commerce: trade spreads pathogens more quickly, refugees and sex trade
    changes in technology and industry: mass production of hamburger meat makes ecoli spread faster
  58. 58Approaches to coffee consumption (shade grown vs conventional)conventional coffee: grown on vast plantations, land is cleared of forest, and weeds and insects are vigorously controlled, and the full energy of the sun is used for growth. monocultural. environmental costs of conventional coffee production. native forest and biodiversity permanently destroyed. intensive chemical inputs lead to non-target insect and plant species being killed and soil losing nutrients and structure over time. also when prices collapse, many producers become immediately destitute, with no resources to recover.
    shade grown coffee: coffee bushes seeded throughout trees/forest, resulting in lower levels of production, but higher diversity of crops and wild/native plants. during periods of low prices, farmers are left more economically vulnerable and feel encouraged to clear forests for more intense growth of different crops. Must be supported to be sustained, either by consumers willing to pay more for more green/sustainable products, by govts interested in maintaining forest cover, or by cooperatives that can lower production and transportation costs for farmers.
  59. 59Challenges to changes in place-based development strategies (e.g., in Panama: from subsistence agriculture to plantation agriculture, and from plantation agriculture to tourism)in panama -
    land use issues (people pushed out of oceanfront property, interior land taken without purchase for plantations/monocropping) stress on infrastructure due to immigration for banana jobs, disease (yellow fever and malaria), racial/ethnic stereotypes

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Global Studies FlashCards sobre GBL Final, criado por Aster BF em 09-05-2018.
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  • Criado por Aster BF · 6 mar 2018
  • Copiado por Aster BF · 9 mai 2018
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