Flashcards
Life Cycle 2 Notes
Flashcards do conjunto (37)
- 1What is Osteoporosis?Loss of bone mass
- 2What is the Disposable Soma TheorySuggests that the body predicts how long an individual will survive and uses energy to prevent DNA damage for that long
There is no genetic program for aging - 3Respiratory changes with ageingFEV1 reduces after early 30s
Less elastic recoil and muscle stregnth - 4BP changes with ageIncrease systolic pressure (due to less elasticity in arteries)
May not lead to hypertension - 5CVS changes with ageHeart responds less to beta-adrenergic stimulation
Heart enlarges (left ventricular hypertrophy)
Ejection fraction reduces upon exertion e.g. excersice
carotid sinus syndrome = dizziness and syncope due to diminished cerebral perfusion (reduced baroreceptor function) - 6GI system changes with agingInsulin resistance = higher risk of diabetes (due to insulin sensitivity)
Osmoregulation decreases (decreased sensation of thirst) = dehydration
Reduced nutrition due to reduced intake not - 7Drug handling with age?Bioavailability increases due to reduced first pass metabolism (doses may need to be lower)
Increased body fat
Increased passage across blood brain barrier - 8Immune system changes with ageHigher risk of infection due to reduced immunity
- 9Renal function changes with age?Lower doses may be needed due to reduced renal function
- 10How is creatnine clearance calculated?(140-age * body/ serum creatnine)*1.23
- 11What is presbcusis?Loss of high frequency hearing with aging, worsened by noisy environments
- 12Describe the HPA axis1) Hypothalmus releases Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH) to pituitary
2) Pituitary releases Adrenal Corticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
3) Adrenal Cortex releases Cortisol
Decreases with age. However increased glucocorticoids produced in elderly = risk factors for CVD and diabetes - 13Describe the Thyroid Axis1) Hypothalamus releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone)
2) Pituitary releases RSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
3) Thyroid gland releases free T3 + 54 - 14How is testosterone released?Hypothalamus releases GnRH to pituitary which releases LH/FSH that acts on testes to produce sperm, testosterone which can be converted to estradiol
- 15How is testosterone and thyroid production affected in ageReduced T4 production and T3 production reduced due to illness and effects of medication HOWEVER, serum levels remain constant due to reduced clearance
Stress and inflammatory mediators reduce testosterone axis however most men have normal testosterone throughout life (some men have hypthyroidsm) - 16Hypothyroidism symptomsFatigue, weakness, mental and physical sluggishness
Dry skin, low pulse, croakiness, slow speech, dementia
Low free T4 high TSH
Weight loss, cold intolerance, muscle cramp - 17Hyperthyroidism symptomsless common than hypothyroidism
Graves disease
Sweating, weakness + nervousness - 18How does growth hormone production change with ageSecreted by anterior pituitary, along with insulin like growth hormone stimulates growth in young age. (increased fat mobilization.) Production decreases with age and clearance increases with age
- 19What is cahexiaState of advanced malnutrition e.g. in cancer or COPD
- 20What is frailtyReduced reserve in face of stressors
- 21What is sarcopeniaLack of muscle mass
- 22When is early and premature menopausePremature = below 40
Early = below 45
average age is 52 - 23What causes menopauseLack of oestrogen production by ovaries
- 24Stages of menopausePre-menopause = regular menstruation
Peri-menopause = transitional stage
Post menopause = 12 months from last menstrual period
Symptoms last 7-11 years
Can be diagnosed with FSH levels - 25Menopausal symptomsPsychological = mood swings
Hot flushes = inappropriate heat loss by cutaneous vasodilation
Skin atrophy = loss of collagen + prone to bruising - 26Bone density of Osteoporosis diagnosis in menopause2.5 or below
Measured by DEXA = dual - energy X - ray absorptiometry - 27What areas of the brain are most affected in aging?Hippocampus (neurofibullary tau tangles) and frontal lobes and cerebral white matter
Cortex loses 10% of neurones but other brain regions show shrinkage of cell bodies without loss of neurones - 28Affect of aging on brain- Reduced cerebral blood flow
- Less elastic and distensible blood vessels
- Damage accumulation (amyloid B, lipofuscin and iron build up)
- Widen sulci and ventricals look bigger - 29Symptoms of dementia- Memory impairment (recent memory in alzhimers)
- Visospatial function, language and attention problems
- Progressive decline in function and increasing frailty
- Aphasia
- Agnosia (inability to interpret sensation and recognize things) - 30What is the difference between a stroke and a TIAStroke symptoms (paralysis, aphasia, dizziness, vertigo, tachycardia) remain after 24hrs
- 31What percentage of stroke are hemorrhagic?20%, the other 80% are ischaemic
- 32How do strokes increase the risk of dementia?Via amyloid deposition leading to plaques and tangles. Also chronic hypoperfusion leads to neurodegeneration.
- 33How is dopamine causedLoss of dopaminergic neurones in substansia nigra
- 34Symptoms of parkinsons- Postural instability
- Loss of smell
- Difficult moving eyes
- Rigidity
- resting tumor
- Sleep disorders
- Depression and anxiety
- Psychosis
- Constipation
- Dementia
- Blepharospasm = involuntary opening and closing of eyes - 35What are the functions of the testes - key cells?Hormone secretion via LEYDIG CELLS
Sperm production via SERTOLI cells - 36Why is HRT not done in low testosterone levels?Causes a drop in endogenous sperm production
- 37Effect of low testosterone- Decreased sexual function
- Mood changes
- Decreased HB
- Fatigue/ sleep disturbance
- decreased bone density
- Mood changes
Informações
- Descrição
- 2nd Semester Year 2 FlashCards sobre Life Cycle 2 Notes, criado por Wannie Chisala em 19-05-2018.
- Criado por
- Wannie Chisala
- Visualizações
- 4
- Avaliação
Mais sobre Physiological Changes of Ageing