Flashcards
2. Lameness in cattle
Flashcards do conjunto (47)
- 1Where does the flexor tendon attach to P3?Caudal aspect (calving it slackens)
- 2What are the 5 most common causes of lameness?• Sole ulcers
• White line disease
• Local sole bruising
• Digital dermatitis
• Foul in the foot - 3What are 2 claw horn lesions?• Sole ulcers
• White line disease - 4What are 2 soft tissue lesions?• Digital dermatitis
• Foul - 5What area of lameness is not very well researched?Treatment
- 6What is the aetiology for sole ulcers?Disruption of claw horn formation
• Weight of cow borne through suspension of P3 in hoof capsule
• Relaxation of supporting structures
around calving
• Bony “flexor process” at plantar/palmar edge P3
• Claw overgrowth causing shallow dorsal wall angle - 7What causes coriosis?• Pinching of corium between bone and hoof capsule
• Pressure on corium causes degeneration “coriosis” - 8What are sole ulcers compounded by?• Standing on concrete
• Thin cows (thin digital cushion)
• Poor foot conformation / insufficient
routine foot trimming - 9What is seen with mild sole ulcers?Incorporation of blood into horn = Sole haemorrhage
- 10What is it important to explain to farmers?The deeper structures that are found in the foot and the effect the management can have
- 11What is seen with severe sole ulcers?Horn production completely arrested
= sole ulcer
- Gaps in horn - 12What are the clinical signs and presentation of sole ulcers?• Slight to severe lameness (duration and
extent)
• Often both hind feet (one worse than
other)
• Lateral claw of hind feet, medial claw of
fore feet
• Haemorrhagic discolouration -> complete cessation of horn production
at sole ulcer site
• Possible secondary infection
• Deep digital sepsis in extreme cases - 13What is the issue with extensive sole ulcers?Risk of secondary infection
- 14How do you diagnose sole ulcers?• Pathognomic once foot inspected and
trimmed - 15What is the treatment for sole ulcers?• Decrease pressure on pinched corium
• Corrective trimming + decrease height of affected claw & dish
• Remove underrun horn and granulomas if present
• Foot blocks
• Astringents? e.g. CuSo4 (but need a bandage)
• NSAIDs - 16What is the prognosis with sole ulcers?• Simple horn overgrowth – Good
• Chronic coriosis – May require regular
corrective trimming
• Deep digital sepsis! - 17How do you prevent sole ulcers?• Control coriosis:
• Impossible to prevent underlying changes
• Must manage/minimise risk
– Regular foot trimming to prevent overgrowth
– Good underfoot conditions - 18Which claw takes the most bodyweight?Front foot – inner claw
- 19What is the normal weight bearing?1• Forelimbs
• 60% Bodyweight
• More carried on the inside claw
• Larger inside claw
2• Hindlimbs
• 40% Bodyweight
• More carried on the outside claw
• Larger outside claw - 20Which area of the claw should be most weight bearing?Wall
- 21What is the aetiology of white line disease?• Junction of sole & wall – Area of weakness
• Coriosis -> Softening and widening
• Dirt and stones impact -> infection carried through to corium.
• White line seals over -> infection trapped -> pus produced & expands within potential space -> pain
• Usually under sole
• Occasionally up the wall
• Eventually pus breaks out, usually at heel or coronary band - 22Where does white line disease occur most?Towards back of lateral horn
- 23What are the clinical signs of white line disease?• Moderate to severe lameness (position & extent of abscess)
• Lateral claw more commonly affected
• Swelling – Advanced +/- large abscess
• Leg abducted to bear weight on medial claw - 24How do you diagnose white line disease?• White line impaction and abscess if trimmed and explored
• Small pin prick size holes to large areas of impaction (always black)
• Pain if “tweak” claw - 25What is the treatment of white line disease?• Trim and balance both claws
• Explore impacted white line, drain abscess, remove under run sole (at
least enough to prevent re-impaction)
• If up wall remove entire section
• Antibiotic dressing? – 48 hours max
• Foot blocks
• Parenteral antibiotics? – Necrotic corium - 26What is the prognosis with white line disease?• Good – Simple sole abscesses respond well, however tracks up wall are much more difficult to treat
• Deep digital sepsis - 27How do you prevent white line disease?• Control coriosis
• Underfoot condition e.g. sharp stones, rough concrete
• Avoid walking long distances on hard surfaces or rough tracks
• Biotin (supplement) - 28What is the background and aetiology of digital dermatitis?• Italy 1972, UK 1983, see all over country now
• Spirochete bacteria - Treponema medium, T. phagadenis and T. pedis
• Likely deep tissue invasion
• Spreads in contaminated slurry/water
• Fomite spread e.g. knives
• Subclinical carrier status - 29What are the clinical signs of digital dermatitis?• Variable lameness caused
• Small circular (1-4 cm), moist browny grey exudative areas of epidermal liquefaction + matting of the surrounding hair
• Interdigital area behind heel bulbs
• Occasionally on skin above one heel bulb only, interdigital space between claws, coronet at front of the foot, accessory digits
• Raw dermal granulation tissue if diphtheritic debris cleaned -> Intensely painful
• “Papilliform” or “hairy warts” form - Long thick strands of keratin protrude from the underlying granulation bed. - 30What is the classic site for digital dermatitis?• Interdigital area behind heel bulbs
- 31What is the classic appearance of digital dermatitis?Stippled
- 32How do you diagnose digital dermatitis?• Examine and clean – pathognomonic lesions
- 33What is the individual treatment for digital dermatitis?• Clean,remove matted hair and “scab”
• Dry, apply topical treatment
– Antibiotic (Oxytetracycline sprays,
soluble powders e.g. lincospectin, tylan?)
– Non-antibiotic – copper/zinc containing
gels
• Second application when dry?
• Repeat next few days?
• Systemic antibiotics? - 34What is the herd treatment for digital dermatitis?Footbaths
• Ensure feet are clean first
• Treatment bath – water, dilute hypochlorite (parlour washings)
• 2 to 5 per cent solutions of formalin or
copper sulphate
• 2-7 days per week, every week
• Foot bath design – 3m+
• Who gets treatment? Heifers? Dry cows?
• Individual tx shown to be more effective - 35What are features of antibiotic footbaths?• DO NOT REPRESENTATIVE RESPONSIBLE ANTIMICROBIAL USE!
• 7 day milk withdrawal period! 28d meat w/d.
• Supervise? – Toxic, especially Lincospectin
• Measure foot bath volume and AB
dilution carefully
• Dispose in slurry lagoon - 36What is the prognosis for digital dermatitis?• Good
• Front of foot -> Damages periople -> Impairs production of wall -> Under running, vertical wall cracks
• Herd immunity seems to develop over time
• Herd eradication unlikely - 37How do you prevent digital dermatitis?• Improve winter hygiene (increase scraping, increase bedding)
• Hygiene of foot trimming equipment
• Foot bathing…
• Antibiotic (in outbreak, use in quarantine / erradication strategies?)
• Disinfectant (formalin, CuSO4)
- Various protocols (e.g. every milking,
once daily, every milking for alternating
weeks, 3x milkings/week etc.)
- Hypochlorite parlour washings - 38What are features of digital dermatitis being involved in "non-healing" sole ulcers and white line disease?• Anecdotal reports and letters in vet record
• Lack of peer reviewed research
• ?Increasing prevalence or just more
widely reported? - 39What are features of "non-healing claw lesions"?• Acute onset, severe claw lesions
• Stippled appearance
• Seen in herds with DD presence
• DD pathogens have been found in these lesions
• Difficult and unrewarding to treat
• Can result in digit amputation - 40Poor foot trimming regimes may lead to more of which condition?Sole ulcers
- 41What are other names for interdigital necrobacillosis?• “Foul”, “Foul in the Foot”, “Claw Ill”,
“Lewer” - 42What is the aetiology for foul?• Acute necrotitising inflammation of
interdigital skin
• Fusobacterium necrophorum +/- Secondaries (T. pyogenes, Streptococcus
spp.)
• Damage to skin – FB’s, rough underfoot
condition e.g. stubble, course straw - 43What are the clinical signs of foul?• Sudden onset moderate to severe lameness
• Swelling of soft tissues above and around the coronary band and between the digits (Digits forced apart)
• Swollen, hot, inflamed and painful to the touch
• “Split” which discharges pus and lumps of necrotic tissue
• Swelling may track higher up the leg as
infection invades
• Anorexia, drop in milk yield, weight loss and pyrexia? - 44How do you diagnose foul?• Signs are pathognomonic once foot examined
- 45What is the treatment for foul?• Check interdigital space for FB’s
• Wash and flush with plenty of clean water
• Debride necrotic tissue, topical antibiotics?
• Parenteral antibiotics – Milking / Beef, Cost / Withdrawal. 3 days?
• Oxytetracyline, penicillin and penicillin / streptomycin combinations, tylosin (Tylan) and ceftiofur (Excenel, zero milk
withhold period / 3rd generation Ceph!) - 46What is the prognosis for foul?• Good if treated early
• Deep digital sepsis - 47How do you prevent foul?• Improve underfoot conditions e.g increase mucking out
• Formalin foot baths
Informações
- Descrição
- 4. Musculoskeletal (Bovine lameness - Sarah Wood) FlashCards sobre 2. Lameness in cattle, criado por Rachael Jones em 15-12-2018.
- Criado por
- Rachael Jones
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