Flashcards
Lecture 16
Flashcards do conjunto (24)
- 1What are the units that nature conservation aim to protect?Genes, Numbers of individuals in a species, Number of Species, Number/Quality/Area of Habitats, Number or beauty of landscapes, Wilderness, Geological formations,
The climate / the earth system? - 2What is an umbrella species?They are a species that have a large area of territory (e.g. like elephants). The idea is if you protect this one species and the area that they live in, including all the other inhabitants there. This should ensure the protection of many species. Plants are often picked as umbrella species as they spread over a large area.
- 3What do potential umbrella species help in the selection?The location of potential reserves, find minimum size of these conservation areas/ reserves, and to determine the composition, structure and process of ecosystems.
- 4What is a keystone species?A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance.
playing a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community, affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem and helping to determine the types and numbers of various other species in the community. - 5What is a trophic cascade?A trophic cascade- in a food web, the cascading effect that a change in the size of one population (usually an apex predator) in the web has on the populations below it
- 6Examples of keystone species?Kangaroo rats. They changed a desert plain into an arid garland, without them the area filled in between the shrubs with grass. This increased the no. of other rodents significantly. Ecological engineers are also keystone species (lions, beavers, otters, elephants)
A keystone species is one that has a disproportionate impact on its ecosystem when compared to its abundance. - 7What is a foundation species?The term foundation species is used to refer to a species that has a strong role in structuring a community.
A foundation species can occupy any trophic level in a food web (i.e., they can be primary producers, herbivores or predators).
A foundation species is usually a primary producer that dominates an ecosystem in abundance and influence. - 8What are the advantages of an ecorgion over hotspots?Higher latitudes so it covers a range of ecosystems, includes countries that fund it and it covers more area then hotspots
- 9What it the purposes of protected areas ?Protect focal sp. / spp.
Umbrella, keystone and foundation species
Protect biodiversity (spp. richness, endemism)
Protect large, functioning ecosystems - 10What does SLOSS stand for?Single large or several small
- 11What is SLOSS?The argument between the size of reserves. Single large reserve should be preferred to several small reserves for nature conservation
- 12What is the advantages of having a single large reserve?species-area curve support the large reserve. More species at equilibrium and with lower extinction rates
Protects patch interior spp. (undisturbed habitat), high trophic level spp, communities / ecosystems, poor dispersers - 13What is the problem with the theory of having a single large reserve?The studies that supported the theory tended to have studied invertebrates. A range of taxa did not behave according to theory. some showed crowding,
some were long-lived with long generation times and did not respond in the experimental time frame. - 14What are some of the advantages of several smaller reserves?small reserves maximize diversity
Locate areas of highest richness - 15What are reserves trying to conserve>species richness
rare species
taxonomic diversity
ecological / system processes
not necessarily concordant - 16Which is better, single large areas or several small ones? (SLOSSSingle large reserves may buffer populations against extinction.
Many studies show that multiple small sites contain more species (broader range of habitats). - 17What are some of the other functions of reserves apart from conservation of local species?Hunting
Hiking
Money making - 18What is a watershed?A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place.
- 19What is the ideal design for a reserve?A large core reserve which is managed specifically for wildlife species diversity, linking corridor to allow for migration and dispersal as well as a buffer zone for low intensity reaction and to prevent potential impacts originating in the matrix (predators).
- 20Which is better for a reserve?Large reserve/patches typically capture and preserve a greater diversity and quality of habitats. In addition, species with large home ranges, interior dwelling species, and larger populations can be supported. Competition within and between species is diminished.
- 21Which is a better design for a reserve? connected or separated?Connected reserves/patches provide wildlife populations access to larger total areas of habitat increasing numbers, sizes, and viability of populations and metapopulations.
- 22Which is a better design for a reserve, unified or fragmented?A unified reserve/patch is of greater habitat value than a fragmented one because positive area effects are increased, diversity is increased (?), and negative edge effects are decreased
- 23What is better, several patches (redundancy) or a single patch in a watershed?Redundancy is an essential component of healthy ecosystems at all scales. If several reserves/patches exist in a watershed, one of them may be disturbed or lost without seriously threatening the integrity of the wildlife community within the watershed
- 24Why are fragments with a small distance between them better then those with a large distance?The chances that wildlife inhabiting reserves/patches will interact becomes disproportionally greater as the distance between patches decreases. Juvenile dispersal and recolonization are more likely to succeed between patches close to each other.
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- University Bangor year 2 FlashCards sobre Lecture 16, criado por sammibeard em 17-11-2014.
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