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History Exam Study Guide
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- 1Native American OriginsOriginated from somewhere in Asia
Came over the Land Bridge (Beringia) as a result of the Ice Age. - 2Native American CultureCivilization shaped around agriculture (corn).
No large draft animals such as horses and oxen, no wheel technology.
Pretty advanced cultures. - 3IncasLocated in Peru.
Elaborate network of roads and bridges linking empire. - 4MayansLived in Yucatan Peninsula.
Step pyramids, calendar. - 5AztecsLived in Mexico.
Had step pyramids.
Known for brutal human sacrafices of captured peoples. - 6PueblosFirst American civilization to grow corn.
Intricate irrigation systems.
Lived in adobe houses. SW USA? - 7Mound BuildersLocated in Ohio Valley.
Huge ceremonial and burial mounds. - 8AnasaziLIved in SW US.
- 9IroquoisGrew three sisters. Had most diverse diet.
Created Confederacy - 10Iroquois ConfederacyGroup of 5 tribes in NY.
Iroquois, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, Seneca. Later Tuscarora.
Hiawatha- leader
Matrilineal societes.
Had very advanced political and organizational skills - 11CornFed large populations (as many as 20 million)
Accounted for size and sophistcation of Native American civilization. Changed nomadic hunters into villagers. - 12Three sistersBeans grew onto cornstalks. Sqaush grew on planting grounds. Shaded other plants. Corn provided a place for beans to grow on.
- 13QuetzalcoatlAztec god.
Cortes wanted gold in Aztec capital.
Montezuma sent gifts assuming Cortes was god. Cortes eventually conquered and smallpox epidemic happened at the same time. Cortes brought religion and way of life. - 14New World produced in Colombian exchangeGold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate and syphillis
- 15Old World sent in Colombian ExchangeWheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, disease.
- 16Africa in Colombian ExchangeAfrica gave Europe slaves for New World in exchange for gold.
- 17JamestownEnglish settled there.
Virginia Company of London.
Wanted to liquidate for profit.
3 ships landed near Chesapeake Bay.
Pushed up river and chose Jamestown.
Easy to defend, but infested with malaria and unhealthful. - 18Jamestown (early years)Nightmare.
People unaccustomed to survival
Too busy looking for gold.
Saved by Capt. John Smith
"He who shall not work, shall not eat"
Lots of people died.
Lord De La Warr imposed military regime - 19Spanish ArmadaDEFEATED. Fighting English.
Marked beginning of end of Spanish colonization. Asserted English naval dominance in Americas. - 20Population BoomThere was a population boom in England
- 21EnclosureLandlords were enclosing their croplands forcing small farmers into precarious tenancy or off the land.
- 22PrimogenitureOnly first born sons allowed to inherit land.
Encouraged people to come over to the New World. Royal couple is an example - 23Jamestown starvationToo busy looking for gold
Settlers were unaccostumed for fighting for life. Had resources. John Smith saved. Ate dogs and cats and rats. - 24Tobacco cultivationJohn Rolfe was father of tobacco industry. Demand in Europe.
Forced colonists to hunger for land.
Vital role in firming economic relations
Ruinous to soil. Promoted broad acre plantation slavery. Demand for fresh labor. Started slavery.
James I discouraged tobacco, which brought down price which made colonists want even more land and slaves. - 25Maryland RefugeFor Catholics.
Lord Baltimore founded it.
He granted huge estates to relatives.
Surrounded by back country planters who were Protestant.
Produced tobacco.
Supported Act of Tolerance
Tolerance for all Christians - 26Barbados Slave CodeWhere we got our laws to control slaves.
Denied even the most fundamental rights of slaves and gave masters complete control over slaves. Even right to inflict serious punisments. - 27Southern coloniesMostly large plantations.
Anglican.
Captured Indians for West Indies
Strong aristocratic atmosphere.
Retarded growth of churches and cities. Soil butchery and demoralizing Spanish attacks. - 28VirginiaLargest state in population.
Home to many leaders.
Big plantation gentry. - 29North CarolinaPoor sturdy inhabitants.
Most democratic independent minding
Did not import a lot of slaves.
Bloody relations with Indians.
Least aristocratic atmosphere along with RI - 30GeorgiaPenal colony.
Buffer between colonies and Spanish FL.
All Christians had tolerance exc. Catholics.
Least populous of colonies. Not a plantation colony because of unhealthy climate, restrictions on slavery, and Spanish attacks. - 31CalvinismGod is all powerful and all good.
Humans are weak and wicked.
Good works cannot save.
Predestination.
No one could count on grace.
Sought conversion. Visible saints.
Very influential in Protestant Churches. - 32PilgrimsSeperatists who wanted to break from Anglican faith. Only visible saints admitted. Went to Holland and then Americas.
Went on Mayflower.
Fortunate in leaders. - 33Mayflower CompactAn agreement made by Pilgrims to from a crude government. Promising step toward self government.
- 34William BradfordScholar, feard that non Puritans would mess things up. Became governor.
- 35PuritansModerate; sought to reform Church of England. Secured Royal Charter from gov.
Used charter as constitution. Turmoil in Britain sent them over. John Winthrop became governor. Shared sense of purpose- serious work. Protestant ethic- enjoyed simple pleasures. Hellfire and Brimstone. - 36Roger WilliamsFounded Rhode Island with Anne Hutchinson. Truly holy life no sign of salvation. Did not need to follow God or man. Radical ideas. Extreme Separatist.
Challenged legality of Bay charter. Banished from MA. Built Baptist Church.
Freedom of Religion, no oaths regarding beliefs, no compulsory attendance at Mass, no taxes to support Church.
Manhood sufferage. Did not like theocracy. - 37New York CityDutch. Challenged supremacy of England.
Employed English explorer Henry Hudson.
New Amsterdam. Bought Manhattan Island from stockholders. No enthusiasm for religious toleration. Strong aristocratic tint. Cosmopolitan population - 38QuakerAnglicans who created their own faith. Quaked when under deep religious emotion.
Religious Society of Friends.
Offensive to authorities. Peaceful. Built meetinghouses. Congregated w/o paid clergy. All children in the sight of God. Had test oaths for loyalty. Turned the other cheek. William Penn. No restriction on immigration. Disliked slavery. Refused military service. Mix of ethnicities in PA. - 39Indian Policy in PennsylvaniaQuakers bought land from Indians. Very peaceful. Indian would babysit for Quakers. Arrival of Scots Irish undermined the Quaker benevolence.
- 40Favorable ratios in the Chesapeake1 woman to 6 men. Disease ravaged the Chesapeake. People dying young.
Very few families.
No one knew grandparents.
Pregnancies with unmarried girls.
Eventually people started to survive. - 41Tobacco OverproductionPlanted tobacco before food.
Exhausted soil.
People wanted new land.
Overproduction of soil led to inflation
People planted more to get more money. - 42Indentured servantsCame over to America in exchange for: passage to America, corn, suit of clothes, piece of land. 3/4 of immigrants to VA and MA. Prime land became scarcer. Masters did not want to include land in freedom dues. Misbehavior resulted in more years. Many poor and had to work for masters after service.
- 43Bacon's rebellion resultMany men frustrated about no land and no women to marry. Rebelled against Indians and kicked out Gov. Berkeley in Jamestown. Then Bacon died and Berkeley took over. Tension high between back country settlers and lordly planters.
Started to look for less troublesome workers. Looked to Africa. - 44New World slavery10 million slaves after Colombus's landing.
7% of VA plantations.
Slaves cost a lot of money. Most whites could not afford.
Wages rose in England so less indentured servants = more slaves. - 45Early slavery in USMost came from West Africa. Branded and bound. Sold in auctions. Slave codes instated. Slaves- property. Could not teach to read or write. Freed slaves by converting to Christianity. Middle colony slaves had it easier. Tobacco was an easier crop to grow and plantations were closer together.
- 46Culture of slavesMade up their own language. Gullah.
Became artisan bricklayers, carpenters and tanner. Pined for freedom. Rebellion in NY lots of slaves died. Some burned slowly to death. - 47Middle PassageRoute that slaves took to New World
Very harsh, treated like cargo, many slaves died. - 48New England MarriageMuch longer lifespan in New England.
Stable familes. Family was central to life.
Population boom. People were having lots of kids. Grew up in nuturing environments. Low premarital pregnancy rates. Stability. - 49New England EconomyYankee traders traded nutmeg.
Expropriated the land. Condemned the Indians for wasting it. Live stock.
Experts in ship building and commerce. Fished. New englanders scattered to many places. Majorty were farmers. - 50Population boom results2.5 million people inhabited colonies in 1775. Set stage for momentous shift of power between colonies and UK. Bulk of population in Alleghenies. Most populous. VA MA PA NC MD
- 51Scots-IrishImportant non-English group. Spoke English. Scottish people transported to Ireland. Irish catholics resented scottish presbyerterians. English gov. placed burdensome restrictions on their productions of woolens and linens. Rabble Rousers. Very poor. Passionate in Rev. War.
- 52Colonial ethnic diversityEnglish, African, Scottish, German, Scot-Irish, Irish, Dutch, other Europeans. Most diverse. Melting pot.
- 53Colonial professions"Rags to riches" Land of opportunity
The clerics were the most honored profession. Not as much as in early days though, not as much of an importance placed on piety. Doctors did not know what they were doing. Bleeding was popular. Law profession was favorably regarded. CT law associated them with drunkards and brothels. - 54Colonial industriesAgriculture was leading industry. (tobacco) Middle colonies produced a lot of grain.
Fishing industry was rewarding. Trading business profitable. Manufacturing was second importance. (beaver hats and iron forges) Shipbuilding
Women spinning and weaving. Lumbering was most important manufacturing. King reserved some trees for himself. Shakle on free enterprise. - 55Navigation Acts FrustrationEuropean goods that went to America had to go to England first. American merchants must ship enumerated goods to Britain first.
- 56Denominational geographySouth- Anglican
North- Congregational - 57AnglicanOfficial faith in GA NC SC VA MD NY
Served as a prop for kingly authority
Less fierce and more worldly than Puritanism. Sermons shorter. William and Mary established to train more clerics. - 58CongregationalGrew out of Puritanism.
Established by New England colonies.
Save for RI
Taxes went to Anglican Church.
American students of Anglican theology had to go to England to be ordained. - 59Great AwakeningPuritan Church sagged under elaborate doctrine and lenient membership.
No longer preached predestination.
Individual free will.
Started in 1740s by Johnathon Edwards. - 60Johnathon EdwardsGood works for salvation was folly.
Preached complete dependence on God's grace.
Stark doctrines sparked a warmly sympathetic reaction among parishoners. - 61George WhitfieldPart of Great Awakening
Preached human helplessness and divine omnipotence. Very good orator and preacher. Many people became very emotional during his preaching. - 62Old Light PreachersSkeptical of emotionalism and theatrical antics of revivalists.
- 63New Light MinistersEmphasis on direct emotive spirituality. Undermined older clergy. Encouraged missionary work. New Light schools
Brown Princeton Rutgers Dartmouth - 64Zenger TrialPeter Zenger printed that the royal gov of NY was corrupt. Charged with seditious libel. Defended in court by Alexander Hamilton. Not found guilty
Banner achievement for freedom of the press. Pointed the way for freedom of the press. For the health of democracy. True statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. Newspapers free to print. - 65Beaver, Raccoon and MartenValueable resource of Canadian settlement
None left in Europe. Recruited Indians to help. Indians got sick from working with French. Took out most of beaver. - 66Native Americans and FrenchKaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes was the garden of France's NA empire. New Orleans. Recruited Indians. Decimated by white men's disease. Debauched by his alcohol. Violated many religious beliefs.
Demonstrated effect Europeans had on Native Americans and their traditonal way of life. Destroyed settlements. Indians did horrible things to French missionaries. - 67Black RobesClergymen who promoted American independence. Supported the settlers in their fight against Britain.
Got congregation to rule in American independence favor. - 68Ohio River ValleyVery Fertile; Sight of French and Indian War
Pittsburgh France. The key to the continent that France had to retain if they were going to link their Canadian holdings with that of S US. Britain wanted it for their westward expansion of the colonies. - 69George Washington and the French and Indian WarGeorge Washington from VA. Sent to the Ohio Country as Lieutenant Colonel. In command of about 150 millitiamen. Fought French by Fort Duquesne. VA people fired first shots of the war. French leader was killed. French came in with reinforcements.
George Washington forced to surrender at Fort Necesity on July 4, 1754. - 70French and Indian War AlliesFought in America Europe West Indies Philippines Africa on the ocean
Britain, Prussia, America against France Spain Austria Russia.
France spent a lot of energy in Europe
Did not have much energy for New World fighting. Braddock dies. GW shot at but survives. - 71French and Indian WarBritain tried to go for the Wilderness posts instead of Montreal and Quebec. Never won. William Pitt. Stopped fighting in West Indies. Concentrated on Montreal/Quebec area. Powerful expedition against Louisbourg. Quebec up a cliff. French defeated. Montreal fell. French allowed to keep holdings in West Indies. France had to compensate Spain for their losses. Colonists did not need to hang on Britain for protection. Britain can be beaten. Indians get feisty. Cannot play off of European powers. Captured a few British posts, but then Britain gave them blankets laced with small pox. London government prohibited settlment east of Applachians. Was ignored.
- 72Disjointed snakeBen Franklin
Join or die
The colonies were not united now, but when the are, they will be a formidable force. - 73Proclamation of 1763Colonists could no longer pass line west of Appalachians. Ignored.
- 74British Colonial Policy ChangeBritain wanted colonists to start paying for protection especially the French and Indian war.
- 75RepublicanismColonists looked to the ideas of Greek and Romans. All citizens put away selfish interests for the common good virtue of the people. Stability of society and authority depended on virtue of citizenry.
Selflessness, Self sufficiency, courage, Appitite for civil involvement. - 76MercantilismBritish getting as rich as they possibly can.
Country's economic wealth could be measured by how much gold and silver they had. To get gold and silver had to export more than you import. Colonies were advantages. Could supply raw materials for the mother country. Provided a garunteed market for exports. Tobacco. Britain could veto any legislation that hampered the mercantilist system. Colonists felt debased by system. - 77Sugar ActIndirect tax. First law ever passed by that body for raising taxes in the colonies for the crown. Increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the west indies
Sin tax. Tax on alcohol. - 78Stamp ActDirect tax. Raised taxes to support military force.
Mandated the use of stamped paper to certify the payment of tax. Required on bills for sale, fifty trade items, certain types of commerical and legal documents, playing cards, pamphlets, newspaper, diplomas, bills of lading, marriage licenses. Cost for defense. British people already paid a heavier tax. If not paid people were tried in a non jury court. Guilty until proven innocent.
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