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Flashcards

Veterinary Anatomy: Integumentary, Muscular and Skeletal Systems

Krista Gaynor Inglês 62 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (62)

  1. 1Integument• One of the largest systems of the body
    • Cannot survive without it
    • Composed of all four tissue types
    • Covers and protects
    • Most common to injury
    • Remarkable healing time
  2. 2Skinlargest organ of the body
  3. 3Hair, feathers, scalesconstantly shed and replaced
  4. 4Hooves, nailscover the distal ends of the digits, composed of
    organized keratinized cells
  5. 5Hornscore of bone and fused with the skull; never shed
  6. 6Glandssecretion
  7. 7Primary functions of Integumentary system• Protection – physical barrier from environment
    • Vitamin D – synthesis
    • Thermoregulation – regulating blood flow
    • Reception of stimuli – touch, pressure, vibration, pain
    • Immunity – cells protecting the inside body
    • Excretion – waste elimination
  8. 8EpidermisSuperficial layer = stratified
    squamous epithelium  dries
    out into tough, horny
    substance called keratin
    • Keratin  waterproof,
    resilient protein
    • Melanocytes = produce
    melanin pigment  gives
    color to the skin, hair, hooves
    & horns
  9. 9DermisCollagen, Elastin & Reticular
    • Hair Follicles
    • Muscles
    • Arrector pili  contracts and pulls
    the hair into upright position
    • Glands
    • Sebaceous  oil glands produce
    sebum = help waterproof & keep
    skin soft
    • Sweat  footpad & nose areas
    • Nerve Endings
    • Blood Vessels
  10. 10Subcutaneous (Hypodermis)Loose connective tissue below dermis which connects the skin to
    underlying muscles  allows the skin to move freely, protects us
    from falls, injury
    Contains
    • Fat
    • Blood vessels
    • Lymphatics (fibroblasts, macrophages)
    • Nerves (deep pain response)
  11. 11Dog Skinfrom each pore
    • Primary hair  guard hair, single &
    long
    • Secondary hairs  satellite hairs,
    multiple & short
    Influenced by
    • Genetics  type & length of haircoat predetermined
    • Environment  amount of UV light
    • Hormones  after whelping
    (blowing coat or telogen effluvium)
    PH 7-7,4
  12. 12Hair, Fur, WoolProvides:
    • insulation/warmth
    • camouflage
    • Composed of dead epithelial cells
    (after it leaves the epidermis)
    • Color = incorporation of melanin
    granules during development (can
    change with age)
  13. 13Hair shaftvisible part of each hair
    (above the skin)
  14. 14Hair rootburied inside the skin
  15. 15Hair follicleanchors the hair through the
    epidermis to the dermis and occasionally
    to the hypodermis
  16. 16Primary or Guard HairsStraight and thicker
  17. 17Secondary or Wool Type HairsShorter and/or wavy
  18. 18Tactile or Sinus HairsFunction as probes and feelers
  19. 19POULTRYTHICK SKIN, FEATHERED
  20. 20Fish and Reptiles• Much thicker epidermis
    • Scales and Scutes
    • Vary depending on species
  21. 21Sebaceousalmost over the body, sebum (maintains moisture),
    lanolin (sheep)
  22. 22Eccrine sweatdermis, hypodermis, dogs – foot pads and deep
    layers of adipose tissue (sc)
  23. 23Apocrine sweatdermis, hypodermis, empty into hair follicles,
    dogs – external ear canal
  24. 24Tail glandIdentification, active during puberty and estrus
  25. 25Anal sacslined w/ sebaceous and apocrine glands, scent –
    marking, mating
  26. 26Horns• Bone core attached to skull –
    permanent projections
    (keratin and proteins)
    • Direct communication with
    Frontal Sinus (starting after 4
    months of age)
    • Removal of horns = open
    exposure of Frontal Sinus
    • Use/Reason for Horns
    • Defense
    • Fighting for dominance
    • Mating/courtship
  27. 27Claws- KERATIN
    • Cats, dogs, chickens
    • Hard outer coverings of the distal
    digits
    • Typically pigmented
    • Important for traction
    • Walking, running
    • Climbing
    • Hunting
    • Digging
    • Self defense
    • Retractable – cats (exception of
    cheetahs)
  28. 28HOOVES (UNGULATES)KERATIN
    • Equids, ruminants
    • Continuously grow
    • Trimming required
    • Ruminants – Clover hoof, cleft hoof
    • Four hooves per foot, digit 3, 4 weight-bearing
    • Equids – One hoof per limb
    • Covers P3 (digit 3, splint bones, cannon bone)
    • Protect
    • Bones and tissues within the hoof capsule
    • Weight support
    • Dissipate the energy upon impact
    • Traction
  29. 29Vitamin D Synthesis-Required for calcium and phosphorus
    absorption
    - UV light on skin converts vitamin D
    • Calciferol
  30. 30Planum Nasalethe top of the nose in cats, dogs,pigs, and sheep
  31. 31Planum Nasolabiale (Muzzle)Nose of cow and horse
  32. 32Specialized integument of sheepCutaneous pouches are infoldings of skin found in____.They are found in front of the eyes, between the digits above the hooves and in the groin.
    These pouches are technically called infraorbital, interdigital, and inguinal pouches.
  33. 33Integumentary DiseaseNutritional
    • Parasitic
    • Bacterial
    • Viral
    • Fungal
    • Trauma
    • Neoplastic
    • Autoimmune
  34. 34Muscle tissueOne the four basic tissue types
     Epithelial, connective, nervous
  35. 35Primary functions of musclePrimary Functions
     Provide motion
     Maintain posture
     Generate heat
  36. 36 Excitabilityresponse to stimulus (nerve impulse)
  37. 37Contractibilityshorten and lengthen when stimulated
  38. 38Extensibility:stretch when pulled
  39. 39Elasticityreturn to original shape and length after
    contraction or extension
  40. 40Types of musclesSkeletal (voluntary striated) – voluntary, most
    abundant, allows for movement of bones
     Cardiac – involuntary, found only in the heart,
    makes up almost the entire heart
     Smooth – involuntary, internal organs (eyes, air
    passages in the lungs, stomach, intestines, u.
    bladder, blood vessels, repro. tract)
  41. 41Skeletal Muscle actionsResponsible for moving the body
     Internal and external
    Neuromuscular junction =
    connection of a nerve fiber with a
    skeletal muscle cell
     Nervous system gives the orders 
    Muscular system carries them out
  42. 42Skeletal MuscleContract, extend
  43. 43Myocytesmuscle cells
     Shaped like long cylinders or fibers
     Multiple nuclei
  44. 44MyofibrilsIndividual muscle fibers which are
    bundled together into fascicles & covered by
    membranes to form the skeletal muscle which varies
    in size and length
  45. 45Skeletal SystemComposed of - Bones
     Joints
     Ligaments
     Tendons
     Cartilage
  46. 46Function of skeletal systemProvides support
     Protection
     Facilitates movement
     Aids in endocrine regulation
     Responsible for production of blood cells
  47. 47BONESSupport, structure - framework
     Protection - strength
     Allow movement - attach skeletal muscles via tendons enabling muscles to move joints
     Act as storage sites for minerals - specifically, calcium and phosphorus
     The production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
     Red bone marrow
     Energy storage, lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow and serve as an energy reservoir,
     They can also be converted to red bone marrow if an animal is anemic (deficient in red blood
    cells)
  48. 48JOINTSTwo or more bones come together
  49. 49Fibrous jointsImmovable
    i.e. joints of the skull
  50. 50Cartilaginous jointsSlightly moveable
    i.e. intervertebral joints,
    pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
  51. 51Synovial jointsMoveable
    i.e. shoulder joint, stifle joint
  52. 52Three Classifications of JointsFibrous – immovable
     Hold bones together
     Cartilaginous – partially moveable
     Rocking action
     Synovial – freely moveable
     Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction
  53. 53Synovial JointDiarthroses
     Joint capsule
     Articular surfaces on
    bones
     Covered by articular
    cartilage
     Fluid-filled joint cavity
  54. 54Articular CartilageProtects ends of bones (cushion),
    reduces friction
  55. 55Joint CapsuleFibrous Membrane - encloses the
    joint cavity
  56. 56Joint Cavity – Joint Space Synovial Membrane – produces
    synovial fluid
     Synovial Fluid – lubricates the joint,
    protects cartilage
  57. 57Types of Synovial Joints Hinge Joints
     Ginglymus joints, swivel, flexion and extension
     Elbow, Atlantooccipital
     Gliding Joints
     Arthrodial joints, rocking, flexion and extension, potential – adduction and abduction
     Carpus
     Pivot Joints
     Trochoid joints, one bone pivots another – rotation
     Atlantoaxial
     Ball – and – Socket Joints
     Spheroidal joints, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
     Shoulder and Hip
  58. 58Ligaments Bands of fibrous connective tissue
     Present in most synovial joints
     Stability
     Guide - motion
     Join bone to bone
  59. 59TendonsFibrous connective tissue
     Connect Muscle to bone
     Sheath
     Surrounds the tendon (synovial membrane)
     Produces synovial fluid
     Allows for movement
  60. 60Cartilage Tough connective tissue (chondrocytes)
     No nerves
     Gristle
     Hyaline – most common, end of long bones, connects ribs to
    sternum, trachea (rings), embryonic skeletons, growth plates
     Elastic – epiglottis, pinnae
     Fibrocartilage – often w/ hyaline cartilage, intervertebral space,
    knee, pelvic girdle
  61. 61Axial Skeleton- Central axis:
     Skull
     Vertebrate
     Ribs
     Sternum
     Support
     Protection
  62. 62Appendicular Skeleton Long, small and sesamoid bones
     Thoracic Limb
     Pelvic Limb
     Allows for movement
     Support

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FlashCards sobre Sem título, criado por Krista Gaynor em 06-10-2019.
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Krista Gaynor
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