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Flashcards

ICT1 continued

saralewis97 Inglês 145 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (145)

  1. 1ICT in Health: Internet, Intranet and extranet- Internet technology allows health care trusts to reduce their networking costs and allow access to their ICT systems from anywhere at any time subject to the correct authorisation
  2. 2ICT in Health: Use of the internet*Hospitals allow staff to access the internet from the organisations extranet or intranet. Firewalls are used to ensure that people cannot access the hospital systems from the internet without permission
    *The internet can be used by hospitals to:
    - Send email to patients they find difficult to contact by phone
    - Communicate with patients using a hospital website
    - Allow staff to perform research
    - Enable patients to communicate with their friends and family
    - Send information on lab tests or X-rays requested by doctors in primary or secondary care from hospitals.
  3. 3ICT in Health: Intranets- Intranets are private networks that use the same technology as the internet for the sending of messages and data around the network. Only hospital staff are allowed access to the intranet.
    - Many hospitals use intranets as a way of transferring patient data to different devices around the hospital.
  4. 4ICT in Health: Extranets*Extranets are networks that use the same technology as the internet but allow people who are not employees of the hospital or trust to access and exchange certain information. They must, however, be authorised to use the extranet which is protected by usernames and passwords.
    *Extranets can be used by:
    - Suppliers – so that they are able to check that vital drugs and equipment never run out.
    - Other agencies who work with patients but outside the hospitals
    - General practitioners – who can check on the condition of their patients in hospital.
  5. 5ICT in Health: Distributed medical databases- A distributed medical database is a collection of patient information spread over two or more servers in a network,
    - There are many different systems used in health trusts and as a patient you can end up having your details stored n more than one of them.
    - When a health care professional needs to see a patients medical record, the distributed parts are found and merged to form a single record.
    *Distributed databases have the advantages that:
    - Security can be improved as the data is to all be kept in one place – databases can be easily replicated.
    - Speed of access is improved because on server does not have to deal with all the requests for information from users.
  6. 6ICT in Health: Back up and recovery procedures- Medical databases lie at the heart of patient care and it is crucial that this data is kept secure and back up regularly
    - Recovery procedures must be in place so that staff can recover any lost data and it is essential that the procedures are tested to make sure that the systems can be recovered in the event of a problem.
  7. 7ICT in Education: Considerations for back up- Whether any downtime is acceptable – if downtime is not acceptable then a RAID system should be used
    - How much data needs to be backed up – tape stores the most
    - Where the data is to be stored – copies of data should be kept off site
    - How often copies of the data should be taken – this depends on how often the data should be backed.
    - When the data should be backed up – data is usually backed up when the system is being used the least – usually this would be at night
  8. 8ICT in Education: Ensuring the privacy of patient records- The privacy of patient records is taken very seriously by the hospitals and medical staff and they have to make sure that personal medical details are only disclosed to authorised staff.
    *The privacy of the EPR system is assured by:
    ~Access levels
    - These control what a user can do. For example, read only access would only allow a member of staff to view certain data but not copy, delete or alter the data in any way.
    ~128-bit encryption
    - This ensures that data being send along networks is coded, so that even if it were intercepted the data would not make sense The data is only able to be decoded and hence understood by the correct recipients
    ~Password
    - A system of passwords ensures that users are only allowed access to those parts of the patient records needed for their particular job. For example, admin staff would not have access to medical records, whereas doctors and nurses would.
    ~Audit trails
    - These are provided so it is possible to see who viewed or altered information contained in the database.
  9. 9ICT in Health: Sensors (analogue and digital)- There are many physiological measurements that need to be recorded for a patient in hospital. In order to free up time from medical staff, this routine recording of data can be performed automatically using sensors.
    - Sensors are devices that can be used to detect physicals, chemical and biological signals and prove a method of measuring and recording them using processors or computers.
    *There are two different types of sensor:
    - Analogue sensors: used to measure an analogue quantity, which is a quantity that can have an almost infinite set of values such as temperature, pressure etc.
    - Digital sensors: these are sensors that can detect digital quantities. For example, a switch can only have two positions and so can be represented as digital quantity.
  10. 10ICT in Health: Data measured by sensors and its uses- Temperature
    - Blood pressure
    - Central venous pressure
    - Pulse
    - Blood gases
    - Blood sugar
    - Brain activity
    - Electrical activity of the heart
    - Intra cranial pressure
    - Breakdown of gases form a patients breath
    - Respiratory rate.
  11. 11ICT in Health: Advantages of using sensors for patient monitoring- Measurements are never missed as they are taken automatically
    - Real time monitoring
    - Frees up medical staff from taking routine measurements to allow them to focus on administration of drugs etc.
    - Reduces costs
    - Trend in the patients condition can be spotted
    - More accurate readings
  12. 12ICT in Health: Monitoring and control of patients condition- Sensors can be used to monitor patients but as well as the data being used by a computer to assess whether the condition of the patients is worsening and to alert the medical staff, the data can also be used to control medical equipment that takes over the function of some of the organs of the patient.
    - Life support systems use the data from sensors to control medical equipment that assists of replaces important bodily functions and so enables a patient to live who otherwise might not survive.
  13. 13ICT in Health: MRI (Magnetic resonance image)- An MRI scanner makes use of magnetic and radio waves to build up a picture of the inside of a patient. MRI scans do not use X-Rays, which means they do no cause any damage to the patient.
    - The patient lies inside a large, very powerful cylindrical magnet and powerful radio waves are sent into the patients body.
  14. 14ICT in Health: CAT (computerised axial tomography)- A CAT scanner is special and more complicated type of X-Ray machine.
    - Unlike ordinary X-Ray machines, which only send out a single X-Ray, CT scans out several X-Ray beams at different angles to the body. The X-Rays are then detected after they have passed through
  15. 15ICT in Health: Advantages of scanning devices- Higher cure rate
    - Reduces unnecessary operations
    - Helps surgeons plan operations
    - Faster diagnosis
    - Scanning can be done routinely
    - Safe in the case of MRI scans
    - Can look at internal organs and tumours in 3D
  16. 16ICT in Health: Disadvantages of scanning devices- Sophisticated computer controlled scanning equipment is very expensive
    - Can break down – more sophisticated means more things to go wrong.
    - Can be dangerous for staff to use
    - With \MRI scans the patient needs to keep still for times up to about an house in very enclosed space and this is uncomfortable and distressing
  17. 17ICT in Health: Limitations of the use of scanning- Bandwidth is sometimes limited which means scans cannot be stored with other patient record details.
    - Life support malfunctions can cause the death of seriously ill patients.
    - Ethical problems: when should life support systems by turned off?
    - All this equipment is very expensive and could be better used to prevention rather than cure.
  18. 18ICT in Health: What is artificial intelligence?*Artificial intelligence is a reasoning process performed by computers which allows the computer to:
    - Draw deductions
    - Produce new information
    - Modify rules or write new rules.
  19. 19ICT in Health: How parallel processors work- The main aim of artificial intelligence is to get computers thinking like humans and to do this it is necessary to build a computer that works in a similar manner to the human brain.
  20. 20ICT in Health: Artificial intelligence- Creating computer programs or computers that behave in a similar way to the human brain by learning from experience etc.
  21. 21ICT in Health: Expert system- An ICT system that emulates the decision making ability of a human expert
  22. 22ICT in Health: Expert system shell- Allows people to create their own expert systems without the need for programming skills or the need to start from scratch.
  23. 23ICT in Health: Neural network- An ICT system that processes information in the same way that the human brain does.
    - It uses a series of processing elements which work in parallel to solve a specific problem. They cannot be programmed but instead learn by example.
  24. 24ICT in Health: What is an expert system?- An expert system is an ICT system that uses artificial intelligence to make decisions based on data supplied in the form of answer to questions. This means that the system is able to respond in they way that a human expert in the field would t come to a conclusion.
  25. 25ICT in Health: The three components of an expert system*Knowledge base
    - A huge organised set of knowledge about a particular subject. It contains facts and also judgemental knowledge which gives it the ability to make a good guess like a human expert.
    *Inference engine
    - A set of rules on which to base decisions and most of these rules have the “if-then” structure. It is the part of the expert system that does the reasoning by manipulating and using the knowledge in the knowledge base.
    *A user interface
    - The user interface presents questions and information to the operator and also receives answers from the operator.
  26. 26ICT in Health: How expert systems work- Expert systems use a problem solving model that organises ad controls the steps that need to be taken to solve the problem.
    - One part of this model is the use of IF-THEN rules to form a line of reasoning. These problem solving methods are provided as part of the inference engine.
    - The knowledge base is all the formation an expert uses when arriving at a decision or diagnosis. The more knowledge and experience a human expert has in the field then the more knowledge can be added the knowledge base.
  27. 27ICT in Health: Expert systen shells*There are two ways to create an expert system, you can:
    - Build the expert system from scratch using a software language suited to this task
    - Use a piece of development software called an expert system shell
    *An expert system shell is a generic piece of software used for creating expert systems. The word generic means that the user can use the software in different ways for different applications
  28. 28Networks: Networks are . . .- A group of computers that are able to communicate with each other
    - A computer network is a collection of computers linked by network cabelling.
  29. 29Networks: Basic elements of an ICT networks- Communication devices
    - Networking software
    - Data transfer media
    - Standards and procedures
  30. 30Networks: Bits that makes up a software*Networking is not simply connecting up a few computers with cables. Here are some parts that can be found in a typical networks.
    *Software
    - Network software may be part o the operating system or it can be special software for managing a network
    *Cables
    - Connecting cables are usually used to connect devices on a network, although some networks make us of radio or microwaves to provide the link.
  31. 31Networks: Data transmission*Communication links:
    - For computers to communicate there needs to be a communication link
    - These links are not necessarily cables so you can not always see or tough them
    - Links can involve radio waves, microwaves or infra red.
  32. 32Networks: Cable media*Metal cable
    - Metal cable consists of metal wires down which data is transmitted in the form of a varying current
    *Fibre optic cable
    - Fibre optic cable works by transmitting data as a series of pulses of light along a thin glass fibre
  33. 33Networks: LAN-LOCAL AREA NETWORK
    - The computers are all in the same building or in different buildings on one site permanently connected to each other with special cables
  34. 34Networks: Advantages of using a LAN*To the customer
    - Faster and more efficient checkout services
    - Itemised till receipts
    - Products more tailored to their needs
    - Special offers
    - Loyalty points
    *To the supermarket/manager
    - Efficient stock control
    - Little warehouse space required
    - Ability to monitor the performance of checkout staff.
  35. 35Networks: Disadvantages of LAN- Pay technical staff to maintain the network
    - Networks fail occasionally
  36. 36Networks: WANWIDE AREA NETWORK
    - The computers are spread over a large geographical area not permanently connected to each other communicate using telephone lines, radio transmitters or satellite links.
  37. 37Networks: Advantages of a network- Printers can be shared
    - Programs can be shared
    - Data can be shared
    - Users can communicate with each other
    - Users can email
    - You don’t have to use the same computer
  38. 38Networks: Disadvantages of a network- Networks are expensive to purchase and maintain
    - If a network breaks down everybody is affected
    - Special security measures are needed to stop users form using programs and data that they should have access to.
  39. 39Networks: Code of conduct when using networks- Do not tell anyone your password
    - Change password regularly
    - Virus scan all discs
    - Do not misuse the internet e.g. email, chat rooms
    - No hacking
    - Do not steal hardware/soft ware
  40. 40Networks: Networking software- This is systems software which allows computers connected together to function as a network.
  41. 41Networks: Network interface card- Before a computer can be connected to a network it will need to have a network interface card.
    - Most modern computers have these when you buy them.
    - A network interface card is simply a card containing circuitry along with a socket. The socket allows the connection between the computer and the cabling.
  42. 42Networks: Hub- A hub is a simple device which is used to join computers in a network so that they are able to share files and an internet connection.
  43. 43Networks: Networking software- Networks need software to tell the connected devices how to communicate with each other.
  44. 44Networks: Network operating systems software- Small networks can be run using existing windows software, but for larger client operating systems software is needed.
    - Network operating systems have to coordinate the activities of all the computers and other devices connected to the network.
    *Examples of network operating system software include:
    UNIX
    Linux
    Novel network – this is a very popular client server network operating system.
  45. 45Networks: Network management software- If you were the network manager responsible for a network consisting of several hundred computers, you would need help in looking after the all to keep the network running
  46. 46Networks: Network management software tasks- Making sure that all the computers have up to date software with the latest security patches, so that hackers cannot get into the network
    - Keeping track of the software being run on each computer and checking that there are licences for all the software being used
    - Providing remote control facilities so that help desk staff can sort a users computer properly by seeing exactly what is on the users screen
    - Keeping all application software up to date
  47. 47Networks: Wireless- Wireless networks enable people to connect to the internet or to a LAN wirelessly. This means they can work anywhere they can get a radio signal for their network.
    - Many people, especially people who travel a lot, need to access the internet regularly. There are many public places where the internet can be accessed wirelessly using a persons laptop computer or other portable devices such as mobile phone or PDA.
    - These places here you can access the internet using WIFI are allied hot spots.
  48. 48Networks: Wi-Fi- A trademark for the certification of products that meet certain standards of transmitting data over wireless networks.
  49. 49Networks: Hot spot- A region where the internet can be accessed wirelessly
  50. 50Networks: Hotspots- Airports
    - Train stations
    - Restaurants
    - Coffee shops
    - Bars
    - Hotel
  51. 51Networks: How the Wi-Fi works1. The router is connected to the internet by a high speed broadband connection
    2. The router receives data from the internet
    3. It transmits the data as a radio signal using an antenna.
    4. The computers wireless adapter picks up the signal and turns the radio signal and turns the computer can understand.
  52. 52Networks: Advantages of Wi-Fi- Allows inexpensive LANS or be set up without cables
    - Allows people the freed of working anywhere signal can be received.
    - Ideal for networks in old listed buildings where cables would not be allowed to be - Global set of standards – you can use WI-FI all over the world.
  53. 53Networks: Disadvantages of Wi-Fi- Power consumption is high – which means laptops soon exhaust their rechargeable batteries
    - There be may be health problems in using Wi-Fi
    - There may be security problems even when encryption is used
    - Home networks have a very limited ranged.
  54. 54Networks: Network topologies- Bus
    - Ring
    - Star
  55. 55Networks: BusAdvantages:
    - Less cable is needed
    - It is easy to add nodes
    Disadvantages:
    - Heavy traffic can cause network delays or failures
    - Cable damage can cause network failure
  56. 56Networks: RingAdvantages:
    - Data travels in one direction so it can transmit large volumes of data
    - Very high transmission speed
    Disadvantages:
    - If one terminal breaks then the whole sever will break down
  57. 57Networks: StarAdvantages:
    - It can be used as a WAN
    - It saves cabelling
    Disadvantages:
    - Network is vulnerable to central hub failure
    - Expensive
  58. 58Networks: The internet- The best way to describe the internet is to call it a network of networks, enabling people to exchange and share data.
    - There is no one person or government involved in the administration of the internet and to many people this is one of its attractions.
    - There are security problems with viruses, pornography etc.
  59. 59Networks: Benefits of the internet- More methods of cheap communication such as emails, text messaging, chat rooms, video conferencing, webcam services.
    - Video such as TV programs, music video, instructional video
    - The ability to listen to almost any radio station around the world
    - The ability to run/download educational games and programs
    - The ability to search information for school projects and business
    - The opportunity to communicate with people from all around the world
    - The opportunity to share resources and ideas with people that have the same internet
    - The opportunity to shop online around the world without leaving your computer
  60. 60Networks: Disadvantages of internet- The ability to access inappropriate material, it is very easy for children to access inappropriate information and images or scenes of violence
    - Children inadvertently forming “friendships” with strangers, many paedophiles use chat rooms to form friendships with children.
    - Cyber-bullying –this is the use of the internet or mobile phone to harass or intimidate another person
    - Advertising pressures – constant bombardment of advertising material by email etc.
  61. 61Networks: Benefits of an email- Virtually instantaneous
    - No need for the familiarity of a letter
    - If you discount the hardware and software which the user will probable already have, then an email is virtually free to send.
    - Emails can be accessed using a larger number of devices from mobile phones to television
    - More environmentally friendly since less energy is used in delivery the mail from source to destination.
  62. 62Networks: Disadvantages of emails- Not everyone had email so ordinary post is still used
    - It may make users more casual about their approach to business and they may not realise that a that anything they say might be legally binding as if they had written it in a more formal document such as a letter or a contract.
    - There are worries about security aspects.
    - The system relies on people checking their email boxes regularly
    - Emails can contain viruses
    - Email is not secure and emails can intercepted and read
  63. 63Human computer interface: HCI- Human computer interfaces provide the means by which the user can tell the computer what to do and at the same time the computer can interact with the human user by giving them a response.
  64. 64Human computer interfaces: Types of human computer interface- Graphical user interface
    - Menu driven interface
    - Command driven/line interface
    - Natural language interface
    - Form driven interfaces
  65. 65Human computer interfaces: 1. Graphical user interface*Most modern micro computers operate through a GUI.
    *Users WIMP
    - Windows – to allow multitasking and display file structure
    - Icon – are symbolic representations of files
    - Menu – to list appropriate facilities
    - Pointer – to select and choose the command or facility you want
    *Uses mouse to point and click
    *No commands to learn
    *More memory needed
    *More processing requirements
  66. 66Human computer interfaces: Advantages of a GUI*No language needed
    - In the past you had to type in certain instructions to communicate with the computer
    *Use of icons
    - Novice users can simply select programs or things they want to do by pointing and double clicking
    *Easier to use mouse
    - Most users would prefer to use a mouse to point and click rather then use the keyboard
  67. 67Human computer interfaces:: Disadvantages of a GUI*More memory is needed
    - Sophisticated GUIs have large memory requirements so older computers may need upgrading or new computers bought.
    *Increased processing requirements
    - Faster and more powerful processors are needed to run the latest GUIs. This could involve upgrading the processor or buying new computers
  68. 68Human computer interfaces: 2. Menu driven interface- Only suitable when few choices
    - Allows user to select from a list
    - Uses keyboard or mouse
    - Can be used with touch screens
  69. 69Human computer interfaces: Advantages of Menu driven interface- A simple interface which is very easy to use.
  70. 70Human computer interfaces: Disadvantages of Menu driven interface- Only suitable where there are a few items to select from on the menu.
  71. 71Human computer interfaces: 3. Command driven/line interface- These are systems like MSDOS which require a degree a technical ability and are not user friendly. Commands are typed in response to a prompt.
    - This is not very user friendly and you need to know the commands of the operating system in order to perform jobs.
    - Can be quicker
    - Need to remember commands
    - Need to apply syntax correctly
  72. 72Human computer interfaces: Advantages of command line/driven- Faster and more versatile as a number of different switches can be used to moderate the command. Better for the technical user as they can work faster.
    - Takes up less memory
  73. 73Human computer interfaces: Disadvantages of command line/drivenIs that commands need to be known, typed and spelled correctly
    Need technical experience.
  74. 74Human computer interfaces: 4. Natural language interface- Uses ordinary language
    - Spoken or written
    - Used with speech recognition
  75. 75Human computer interfaces: 5. Form driven interfaces- Form driven interfaces are used to collect information from a user in a step by step manner. The user supplies this information by typing it into a form
    - Validation checks ensure that the customer only enters valid data into the form and that all the important fields are completed.
  76. 76Human computer interfaces: Speech recognition- Microphone used to receive speech input. Speakers used to speech output.
    - This is a voice driven system which are still at the experimental stage but are under development and can help disabled people.
    - Systems for recognising users of cash or smart cards are also being developed.
    Speech recognition software turns voice into text
    - Speech recognition is ideal for entry of data into word processing software or into a structure such as database by people such as lawyers, doctors etc. who only use ICT systems as part of their job.
  77. 77Human computer interfaces: Advantages of speech recognition- Faster than typing – up to 160 words per minute which is three ties the average speed of typing)
    - 99% accuracy – provided time has been spent teaching the computer about your voice
    - Cheap – many computers come with a microphone, so the only cost is the cost of the software
  78. 78Human computer interfaces: Disadvantages of speech recognition- Takes a while to get used to
    - Can be frustrating for beginners to use
    - Not accurate at first – you may need to train the system about your voice.
    - Errors due to background noise
    - Does not work with all database software
    - Doesn't understand regional accents
  79. 79Human computer interfaces: Speech synthesis- Speech synthesis enables a computer to read text that has been typed in or it can be used to give some sort of responses such as the direction instructions in a satellite navigation system.
  80. 80Human computer interfaces: Graphical devices- Using a keyboard or a mouse can be difficult especially if you want to produce a doodle or a rough diagram or maybe you want to mark comments on a design on the screen.
  81. 81Human computer interfaces: Game playing devices*There are a number of input devices used with games that improve the human computer interface by making it more realistic. Which are:
    - Joystick allows control of games. This one is cordless and contains many different buttons which can be programmed by the games software.
    - Cordless game controlled makes it easier to use the game rather than use mouse and keyboard or even a joystick.
    - Steering wheel for a racing car simulation
    - Proper clutch, brake and accelerator pedals improve the HCI.
    - A gear change will make the HCI even more realistic.
  82. 82Human computer interfaces: Output devices*There are also some output devices to make games more realistic:
    - Large plasma screens to make the game more realistic by it being life size.
    * Surrounded sound speakers add realism to many games
    *A gaming headset acts as an input device with the microphone used to issue commands and also the ear pieces to hear the realistic sounds
  83. 83Human computer interfaces: Touch sensitive screens- Touch sensitive screens allow person to make selections by simply touching the screen
    - They are used an input devices for purchasing train tickets r used as information points in tourist information offices, art galleries and museums.
    - They can also be used to provide information on services provided by banks and building society's
  84. 84Human computer interfaces: Biometric devices*There are many ICT systems that can recognise a particular person by certain biological properties of that person such as:
    - The pattern of blood vessels on the retina at the back of the eye
    - Fingerprints
    - Hand prints
    - Voice
    - Face
    *Any one of these can be used to identify a person to the computer system. This is an ideal HCI, as it does not involve anyone having to understand how to type and there is nothing to remember such as a swipe card.
    *Future uses include:
    - Passport control
    - Admission to clubs/bars
  85. 85Human computer interfaces: Biometric devices are used for- Registration systems in schools and colleges
    - Recording employees as they arrive at and leave work
    - Limiting access to computers only to authorised staff
  86. 86Social issues: Backache- Mainly caused by sitting with incorrect posture
    *Slouching in a chair while sitting at a computer may cause back problems
    To prevent back ache:
    - use an adjustable chair
    - always check that the adjustments of a chair are suitable for you
    - sit up straight with feet flat on floor
    - make sure screen is lined up and titled at appropriate angle
  87. 87Social issues: Repetitive Eye Strain (RSI)- A painful muscular condition caused by repeatedly using certain muscles in the same way
    - RSI causes aches and pains in hands, wrists, arms and necks
    - Usually the symptoms do not last but can be persistent and eventually disabling
    *To prevent RSI:
    - adjust chair to correct sitting position
    - make sure their is enough space to work comfortably
    - use a document holder
    - use a wrist rest
    - keep your wrists straight
    - learn how to type properly
  88. 88Social issues: Eye Strain- Eye strain causes blurred vision and headaches
    - Its caused by using the computer for long periods or not working in the right conditions
    *To prevent eye strain:
    - Keep the screen clear
    – easier to make out
    - use appropriate lighting
    - take regular breaks and avoid stress
    - have regular eye tests
    - make sure you aren’t sitting to near the screen
  89. 89Social issues: Stress- Stress can come from the pace of work so too much to do in too little time, worrying about using the new technology, loosing work and technical problems
    *To prevent stress:
    - introduce good management of workload
    - training for new users in new systems and software
    - provision of help desks
    - correctly designed software which isn’t frustrating to use
    - use anti-virus software e.g. Firewalls etc.
  90. 90Social issues: ELF Radiation- ELF radiation is given out by all electrical devices including computers and computer equipment
    - Some researchers believe that such fields can contribute to serious conditions e.g. Leukemia
    *To prevent ELF radiation:
    - carefully screening in the design
    - keeping the strengths of the signal low
  91. 91Social issues: Health and Safety legislation- Health and Safety at Work Act – 1974
    - Employers have duty to minimise risk to employees in the workplace
    - Employees need to have a safe place and system to work
    - More specific regulations – Heath and Safety Regulations 1992
    - employers to take certain measures to protect the health and safety of employees who use ICT
    - Heath and Safety Executive (HSE) – responsible for health and safety in workplace. They promote good health and safety practice.
  92. 92Social issues: Computer screens*Need to:
    - Tilt and Swivel
    - Be at an appropriate height for user
    - Display a stable image with no flickering
    - Have brightness and contrast control
    - Be free from reflections
    - Be an appropriate size for the software application e.g. A CAD needs a large screen
  93. 93Social issues: Appropriate training- Know how to make adjustments to the screen (e.g. alter brightness and contrast)
    - Understand the need for taking regular breaks
    - Adjust the size of text and other screen elements so they can be read easily
    - Understand the importance of keeping the screen clean
  94. 94Social issues: Chairs- Adjustable height so that feet can be placed flat on the floor – if this is not possible because the person is short a footrest should be provided
    - Have seatbacks with proper back support e.g. Adjustable height and tilt
    - Have five feet rotatable chair to ensure that it is easy to move closer/further away from the desk
  95. 95Social issues: Desks- Desks should be big enough for a computer equipment and paperwork
    - Have a matte surface to reduce glare
  96. 96Social issues: Making ICT less stressful by ensuring- Software is bug free and doesn’t cause the computers to freeze/crash
    - That fonts/sizes are chosen carefully
    Information is displayed in a logical order on the screen
    - Software is intuitive so that it behaves in the way it is expected to
    - Helps screens are available to help the user understand
    - Shortcuts should be made possible to minimise mouse clicks
  97. 97Social issues: Appropriate use of ICT equipment*Users should:
    - Report broken equipment
    - Not store games or other unauthorised software on computers
    - Keep regular backups of their work on stand alone computers
    - Not alter the hardware and software settings
  98. 98Social issues: Appropriate use of networks*Users should:
    - Not download games, music or videos and store it on the organisations computers
    - Not open the file attachments if the source is unknown
    - Not use the internet to download programmes without permission
    - Not use the internet to download inappropriate material
    - Not use the internet for misuse e.g. hacking, viruses, copyright etc.
  99. 99Social issues: Malpractice and crime*Malpractice – improper or careless use or misconduct
    *Examples of malpractice:
    - accidentally deleting data
    - not taking backup copies
    - not scanning viruses regularly
    - copying an older version of data onto newer
    - allowing your password to be used by others
    - not logging off the network after others
    *Crime – illegal act
    *Examples of crime:
    - hacking
    - deliberately distributing viruses
    - illegally copying data or software
    - stealing hardware
  100. 100Social issues: Consequences of malpractice and crime- Complete loss of data
    - Prosecutions under the data protection act for failing to keep personal information safe
    - Loss of money due to fraud
    - Sensitive company data falling into the hands of competitors
    - Loss of ICT facilities while problem is sorted out
    - Loss of customer confidence
    - Bad publicity in press
    - Possibly put lives in danger
  101. 101Social issues: Data protection act- The widespread use of ICT has made the processing and transfer of data much easier and to protect the individual against the misuse of data
    - Covers the misuse of personal data whether by the use of ICT systems or not
    - The act gives right to the individual to find the information stored about them and to check whether it is correct
    - If the information is wrong, they can have it altered and may be able to claim damages if they have suffered
  102. 102Social issues: Personal data- Data about and identifiable person
    - Who is alive
    - Is specific to that person
    *Data specific to a particular person would include:
    - medical history
    - credit history
    - qualification
    - religious beliefs
    - criminal records
  103. 103Social issues: Data protection act principles- Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully
    - Shall be obtained only for one or more than one specified and lawful purpose
    - Shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose they are processed
    - Shall be accurate and kept up to date
    - Shall be not kept longer than necessary for the purpose
    - Processed in accordance with the rights of data under this act
    - Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken
    - Not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless unauthorised
  104. 104Social issues: Computer misuse act*Act makes it an offence to:
    - Deliberately plant or transfer viruses to a computer system to cause damage to a program and data
    - Use an organisations computer to carry out unauthorised work
    - Hack into someone else's computer system with a view to see information and altering it
    - Use computer to commit various frauds
  105. 105Social issues: Copyright and licensing*There are various problems with computer software:
    - It is very easy to copy
    - It is very easy to transfer files over the internet
    - People don’t view copying software as like stealing goods from a supermarket
    *There are various problems with copied software:
    - Not entitled to technical support
    - Do not qualify for upgrades
    - Software may be incomplete
    - It may contain viruses
  106. 106Social issues: Copyright, designs and patents act 1988- Act makes it a criminal offence to copy or steal software
    *It is a criminal offence to:
    - copy or distribute software/manuals without permission or license from the copyright owner
    *Run purchased software covered by copyright on two or more machines in the same time unless there is a software license
    *Force employees to make/distribute illegal software for use by the company
  107. 107Social issues: Consequences of breaking the law- Unlimited fines and up to 10 years in prison
    - You could loose your reputation, promotions and even your job
    - You could be sued for damages by the software owners
  108. 108Social issues: Software policy- Illegal copying of software and data
    Data and software has a value and many competitors would like to have access to it
    - Estimated by FAST (Federation Against Software Theft) that around 27% of software in Britain is illegal
    - Some cases the copying will be for personal use and in others people will sell them
    - This is illegal as it deprives the manufacturer of the software from these sales
  109. 109Databases: Database is…….- A database of a large collection of data items and links between them, structured in such a way that allows it to be accessed by a number of different applications programs.
  110. 110Databases: Advantages of using databases1. Avoids data duplication
    2. Controlled redundancy
    3. Ensures consistency of data
    4. Data independence
    5. Increased security
    6. Data integrity
    7. Easy to add new applications
  111. 111Databases: 1. Avoids data duplication- Data stored once
    - Linked by key fields
    - All data available via relational links in key fields
  112. 112Databases: 2. Controlled redundancy- Minimises data duplication
  113. 113Databases: 3. Ensures consistency of data- Ensures that all data is consistent throughout
  114. 114Databases: 4. Data independence- Data stored separately from programs so can add new fields because data is independent of the applications which use it
  115. 115Databases: 5. Increased security*What makes a database secure?
    - Password hierarchy
    - DBMS can vote permissions
    - User only allowed to view data allowed to so less risk of accidental or deliberate
    - Data validation techniques
    - Data is stored separately from programs so different programs cannot overwrite data
  116. 116Databases: 6. Data integrity- Correctness of data
    - Specify constraints on the data to ensure it is in the correct format and range
  117. 117Databases: 7. Easy to add new applications- Without affecting stored data files
  118. 118Databases: Disadvantages of using a database- Complex to set up and maintain
    - Database software is large complex expensive ad requires powerful computers
    - All applications which access data will be affected if database fails.
  119. 119Databases: Database software- Database software allows data to be entered and stored in a structured way which aids its retrieval.
    - Database management systems keep the data separate from the programs themselves so once the data has been create it can be accessed using different software.
  120. 120Databases: Flat file- Flat file systems for storing data are little more than a computerised card box file, where a single card is used to store one record.
    - Flat files only contain one table of data which limits their use to simple data storage and retrieval systems such as storing a list of names, addresses, phone numbers etc.
    - Flat files are unsuited to business applications where much more flexibility is needed.
    - One table
    - All data is in one file
    - Very simple to create
    - Limited to lists of data
    - Lots of data is duplicated
    - Can be created using database or spreadsheet software
  121. 121Databases: Problems with flat file systems- Flat files store all the data in a single table
    - You will find that there is a lot of supplicated data needed in the table.
    -Time is wasted retyping the same data
    When a record is deleted, a lot of data which is still useful may be deleted.
  122. 122Databases: Difference between a flat file and a relational database- In a relational database, we do not store all the data in a single table. Instead the data is sorted in several tables with links between then tables to enable the data in the separate tables to be combined together if needed.
  123. 123Databases: Relational database- More than one table
    - Relationships between tables
    - Able to combine data in different tables
    - Can be complicated to create
    - Very little duplicated data
    - Can be used by different applications
  124. 124Databases: Advantages of a relational database*Data integrity
    - No need to change data in more than one table
    *Data redundancy
    - No repeating attributes
    *Data consistency
    - With less duplication there is no risk of the same attribute being stored in a different format
    *Flexibility
    - Data can be queried with greater flexibility to meet specific user needs. Leads to better quality outputs
    *Efficiency
    - Different access rights can be allocated leading to better management of data. Less duplication means that less memory is used.
  125. 125Databases: Disadvantages of relational database- Hard to set up
    - More expensive
    - Inappropriate for simple lists
  126. 126Databases: Database security- Data in databases need to be secured against unauthorised access using a password system.
    - People in an organisation are given a series of access rights which allow them to do their own job but not view or alter data that is not applicable to them. Access rights are determined by a hierarchy of passwords.
  127. 127Databases: Access rights- Restrictions to a users access to only those files needed in order to perform their job. Also covers what they can do with the data once accessed.
  128. 128Databases: Passwords- A series of characters which need to be typed in before access to certain ICT resources is allowed.
  129. 129Databases: Database administrator*Responsible for:
    - Design of the database and monitoring its performance
    - Keeping users informed of changes in the database structure which will affect them
    - Maintenance of the data dictionary, implementing access rights and privileges
    - Allocating passwords
    - Training users on how to access he database
    - Ensure adequate backup and recovery procedures
  130. 130Databases: Database Management system (DBMS)- DBMS is a program which control access to the data
    - Data storage retrieval and update
    Creation and maintenance of data dictionary
    - Managing facilities for sharing data
    Backup and recovery of data
    Security
    - Allow applications to access the data and allow new applications
  131. 131Spreadsheets: Simulation modelling- A simulation model involves making predictions using a computer and mathematical calculations about a real life situation
    - Particularly useful for representing situations where the subject is very complex
  132. 132Spreadsheets: Advantages of simulation modelling*It can be cheaper
    E.g. If you were building a roller coaster– it would be easier to see what it was like on spread sheets rather than adjusting the actual one
    *Simulations can save time
    E.g. You can just press certain buttons on a spread sheet rather than actually building the models
    *You can experience lots more situations E.g. Rollercoaster – you can change the number of loops rather than buying more equipment.
  133. 133Spreadsheets: Disadvantages of simulation modelling*Difference between simulation and reality
    E.g. You wont be able to have the absolute effects of doing it literally
    *Some situations are hard to model
    E.g. Crashing a car – wont be the easiest to model – airbags, glass etc.
    *Accuracy of rules and variables
    E.g. You can get certain things wrong and the total outcome will therefore be wrong - GIGO
  134. 134Spreadsheets: Financial forecasting*Specific Use
    Planning of budget by government e.g. raising taxes, reduces interest rates etc.
    *Advantages:
    - possible to experience lots of situations
    - cheaper as not wasting money on impossible actions
    - can save time as you can see what the model will be like in a few years time
    *Disadvantages:
    - Difference between simulation and reality
    - Accuracy of rules and variables
    - Some situations are hard to model
    - Initial set up costs
  135. 135Spreadsheets: Weather forecasting- Weather data such as wing speed, air temperature, group temperature and humidity are logged in weather centres
    - This then gets relayed into meteorological office and then data is then processed along with data from satellites pictures to produce weather forecasts
    - It uses variables and lots of rules and this is then a model
  136. 136Spreadsheets: Advantages of weather forecasting- Can predict paths of hurricanes
    - It takes a few hours to produce weather forecast for a few days
    - Can help farmers plan work
  137. 137Spreadsheets: Disadvantages of weather forecasting- Long range forecasts – not always accurate
    - Expensive to buy all equipment
  138. 138Spreadsheets: Advantages of spreadsheet modelling- Ability to recalculate
    E.g. Car Rental- VAT- change the cost and VAT and the overall cost would change
    - Can perform WHAT IF models
    E.g. Adding another staff member onto the spread sheet and the overall cost would be calculated
  139. 139Spreadsheets: Disadvantages of spreadsheet modelling- Spread sheet size limitation Difficult and not user friendly Have to scroll – difficult to manage
    - Changing rates – more complex model needed E.g. newsagents have different requirements to the government if they were setting business rates
  140. 140Spreadsheets: Components of a model*Input Values
    Not present within model
    Entered with keyboard
    Important values are validated
    *Variables
    Items of data that are most likely to change e.g. someone‘s savings
    *Constants
    Numbers which DON’T change Cautioned – some quantities stay the same over a short period of time but NOT long
    *Constraints
    Imposed on model
    E.g. Credit limit set by the bank
    *Rules
    Rules (calculations) once entered is subject to a range of operators
  141. 141Spreadsheets: Continued*START UP INTERFACE
    Model is application that is designed for others to use Should have an easy to use interface that users should understand
    *ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL MODELS
    Predict what will happen Example- Sales Analysis, Profit and Loss Accounts, Stock Analysis
    *OTHER USES
    Games – Monopoly, Theme Park etc.
  142. 142Spreadsheets: Financial modelling- A model is a program that has been developed to copy the way a system works in real life
    - Uses mathematical formulas and calculations to predict what will happen based on data recorded about what happens in the past in a financial situation
  143. 143Spreadsheets: Advantages of Financial modellingWHAT IF models
    Asked WHAT IF rather than rebuilding
    Provides quick answers
    Quick for something that can take months
    Automatic recalculation
    Model can be shared
    Different people in different businesses in different locations
  144. 144Spreadsheets: Disadvantages of Financial modellingVariables
    You can’t account for every single possible variable in a model
    Make Mistakes
    Many variables need to be considered and it is easy to make mistakes in results
    Time Consuming
  145. 145Spreadsheets: Spreadsheet software benefitsAbility to recalculate the quote
    Customer adds item then new price is recalculated automatically
    WHAT IF models
    Work out cost of different items/quantities without actually purchasing
    Show graphically
    Producing graphs and charts of sales and show comparison for different times/locations

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FlashCards sobre ICT1 continued, criado por saralewis97 em 25-05-2015.
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