Flashcards
Biology - Genetics
Flashcards do conjunto (30)
- 1What is Mitosis?Mitosis is the process of cell division which results in the production of two somatic daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell, with a diploid number of chromosomes. It is used in the process of growth and repair.
- 2What is Cytokinesis?After mitosis is complete, the cytoplasm divides by the process of cytokinesis, which separates the two daughter nuclei into separate cells.
- 3What is Gene Expression?Gene expression is the specific combination of genes that are expressed or repressed, and dictates how a cell functions.
- 4What is Cell Differentiation?Differentiation is the process that leads to the expression of a particular pattern of genes in a specialised cell. As development proceeds in a embryo, individual cells begin to specialise in particular functions through a process called gene expression.
- 5What are Stem Cells?Stem cells are populations of undifferentiated (unspecialised) cells found in many adult organisms. They are capable of replacing themselves by generating more stem cells and have the ability to differentiate into one or more distinct cell types. The retention of stem cells in a tissue provides an ability for growth, repair, replacement and regeneration. There are two types of stem cells: Adult and Embryonic
- 6What is the Major Difference Between Adult and Embryonic Stem Cells?Their abilities in the number and type of differentiated cell types they can become differ. Embryonic stem cells can become any cell type in the body as they are pluripotent. Conversely, adult stem cells are limited to differentiating into different cell types in their tissue or organ of origin.
- 7What is One Advantage of Implanting Adult Stem Cells Instead of Embryonic Stem Cells Into Patients?Adult stem cells, and tissues derived from them, are currently believed less likely to initiate rejection after transplantation. This is because a patient's own cells could be differentiated, and then reintroduced into the patient. The use a patient's own adult stem cells would mean that the cells are less likely to be rejected by the immune system. This represents a significant advantage, as immune rejection can be circumvented only by continuous administration of immunosuppressive drugs, and the drugs themselves may cause deleterious side effects.
- 8What is the Difference Between Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells?Pluripotent cells can give rise to all cell types that make up the body; embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent. Multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells; an example of multipotent cells are adult stem cells
- 9What are the Ethical Concerns Regarding the Human Use of Stem Cell Technology?The key ethical issues concern the destruction of human embryos for stem cell derivation. On the grounds that the human embryo is a human life with moral value, justifying its protection, the extraction of embryonic stem cells is unethical. One the other hand, the use of adult stem cells and umbilical cord blood stem cells have generally been applauded as ethically superior alternatives to the use of embryonic stem cells.
- 10Describe the Structure of Eukaryote ChromosomesEukaryotic chromosomes consist of a DNA-protein complex that is organized in a compact manner which permits the large amount of DNA to be stored in the nucleus of the cell.
- 11Explain Karyotyping and Describe Some ApplicationsA Karyotype is the full set of chromosomes of a cell or individual. The Karyotype test identifies and evaluates the size, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra or missing chromosomes, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces, can cause problems with a person's growth, development, and body functions.
- 12What is the Difference Between Allosomes and Autosomes?An allosome is a chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior. The human sex chromosomes are a typical pair of allosomes. These chromosomes determine the sex of an individual when reproducing. Autosomes differ from allosomes in that autosomes appear in pairs whose members have the same form but differ from other pairs in a diploid cell, whereas members of an allosome pair may differ from one another and thereby determine sex.
- 13Define GenomeA genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.
- 14What are Homologous Chromosomes?In diploid (2n) organisms, the genome is composed of homologous chromosomes. One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother (called a maternal chromosome) and another from the father (paternal chromosome). Homologous chromosomes are similar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same.
- 15What is a Chromatid?A chromatid is one copy of a newly replicated chromosome, which is typically joined to the other copy by a single centromere. Before replication, one chromosome is composed of one DNA (double-helix) molecule.
- 16What is a Centromere?The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids. During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere
- 17What is a CentrioleA centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. There are nine groups of microtubules. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division.
- 18What is the Difference Between Diploid and Haploid Cells?Haploid cells contain only one complete set of chromosomes. An example of haploid cells are gametes, produced through meiosis. Diploid cells are those that have two sets of chromosomes wherein the parents each donate one set of chromosomes to make up the two sets in the offspring. In humans, the haploid cells have 23 chromosomes, versus the 46 in the diploid cells.
- 19Describe the Watson-Crick Double-Helix Model of DNAThe structure of the DNA polymer is a two-stranded double helix made of nucleotides that consisted of a phosphate group attached to a five carbon sugar attached to one of four nitrogenous bases. Each base has a complimentary one that it lines up with in the sequence of nucleotides. The two strands run antiparallel to each other and H-bond into a double helix.
- 20Define DNADeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a large molecule that is made up of a series of chemical building blocks called nucleotides.
- 21What are Nucleotides?Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.
- 22What is a Polypeptide?A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids bonded together to form part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds. The difference in their side chains differentiates the 20 different amino acids used in the composition of polypeptides.
- 23What is RNA?Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule implicated in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life.
- 24What is mRNA?Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
- 25What is the Difference Between DNA and RNA in Terms of Function?Whilst DNA is used for long-term storage of genetic information; transmission of genetic information to make other cells and new organisms, RNA is used to to transfer the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes to make proteins.
- 26What is the Difference Between DNA and RNA in Terms of Structure?Whilst DNA is a double-stranded molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides, RNA is usually is a single-strand helix consisting of shorter chains of nucleotides. DNA is composed of A, T, G, and C bases, whilst RNA has U, A, C, and G bases.
- 27What is the Structure of a Protein Molecule?Protein is a nitrogenous organic compound composed of one or more polypeptides. They are folded into precise 3D shapes.
- 28What is Transcription?Transcription is a process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerase. The transcribed DNA message, or RNA transcript, is used to produce proteins.
- 29What is Translation?A very difficult process that I really can't be bothered typing out
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Informações
- Descrição
- Term 3 Biology - Genetics Mostly definitions for Terms and Phrases
- Criado por
- Becky Guan
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