Flashcards
com exam 2
Flashcards do conjunto (177)
- 1Low Esteem-less assertive in beliefs, desires
-easily persuaded
-feel more lonely
-insecure, clingy - 2faceworkthe act of presenting the self
- 3confirmationwhen others accept our presentation of self and act in harmony with the image we are displaying
- 4Rejectionwhen others contradict the presentation of our self and act inconsistently with the image we are displaying
- 5rejection-sensitivewhen a person fears rejection so much that they will avoid rejection in all situations where it is possible
- 6Disconformationwhen others ignore our presentation of the self and act indifferent to the image we are displaying
- 7Front contexta public setting where you actively manage the impression you project to others
- 8Back contexta private environment that requires less conscious effect to manage the impression you project to others
- 9Perceptionthe process of assigning meaning to sensory information and experiences
- 10Physical characteristicsphysical traits that can alter our perception
-age, height, ability, etc. - 11Personalitya similar situation can be perceived as different for people who have different personalities
- 12cultural characteristicspeople process perceptions through the filters of the culture to which they belong
- 13Selection/selective perceptionfocusing on some sensory stimuli rather than others
- 14Saliencepersonal relevance or interest in stimuli that might lead to greater focus upon them
- 15noveltywe tend to focus on perceptual cues that are unique
- 16Familiarityour attention gravitates towards those things that are recognizable or similar to us
- 17Repetitionthe more something is repeated, the more we take notice of it
- 18Vividnessall of the sensations of a stimulus that make it stand out from the rest of its surroundings leading us to focus on it
- 19IntensityBright colors, disturbing images, interesting sounds, things that are powerful
- 20Sizepeople have a tendency to notice things that are larger
- 21Figure and groundwhen attending to multiple stimuli, one stimulus might just stand out to some more than other stimuli
- 22MotionMovement catches the human eye, so when you see something moving, your attention is drawn to it
- 23Social learning theoryexplains that we learn new behaviors, customs, and routines by watching others. we learn from others, w/o personal experience, what to focus on
- 24past experiencewe can learn what to focus on from that which we have experienced in the past
- 25perceptual constancytendency to maintain the same perception of people and events over time
- 26Organizationplacing stimuli in a knowledge structure or category to give them meaning and aid retention
- 27constructivismtheorizes that people interpret and act on experience based on a mental system of organizing knowledge
- 28Personal constructsCategories by which people and events can be differentiated
- 29PrimingAudience use of conceptual categories that have emphasized by the media
- 30Prototypestype of personal construct where a specific person, personality, or phenomenon exemplifies a set of characteristics
- 31stereotypeswe have a tendency to generalize about people based on group affiliation, rather than individual characteristics
- 32scriptsguides to action and expectations based on the way we have categorized our perceptions
- 33Perception shiftsstrategies for thinking, creatively, and managing different perspectives
- 34Interpretationthe stage of the perception progress in which we determine the meaning of an event or interaction
-can happen almost simultaneously to the organizing of a stimulus - 35Contextdifferent situations can call for different interpretations
- 36Closureinterpreting or finishing incomplete stimuli by filling in the gaps of missing information
- 37attributionthe assignment of meaning to the actions of ourselves and others
- 38External attributionsexplaining a person's behavior as being due to some outside force, usually used to explain inconsistent behavior
- 39internal attributionsexplaining a person's behavior as being due to an internal quality such as personality
- 40attribution biasesmistakes we might make when interpreting others
- 41fundamental attribution errorthe overestimation of the degree to which other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and the underestimation of the significance of external factors
- 42self-serving biasthe tendency to attribute external causes to our own inconsistent behavior, but not to those of others
- 43Attractiveness biasthe tendency to think better of attractive people and to make positive attributions about their behaviors
- 44similarity biasthe attribution of our own motivations to someone else's behaviors, especially when it is someone we like or think is similar to us
- 45Perception checktool that gauges the accuracy of your perception by engaging in conversation w/ others
- 46empathythe ability to accurately perceive the experience and behavior of another person
- 47Interpersonal communicationinteraction among a small number of people that is characterized by more personal and individualized communication that which takes place in larger groups
- 48personalized naturepeople will be treated more uniquely and personally in these interactions, and the communication between individuals will be more distinct
- 49relational naturethe nature of the relationship between individuals will influence the meaning of interpersonal messages
- 50content dimensionssubstance of the message
- 51relationship dimensionestablishes the nature of the connection between sender and receiver
- 52CultureInterpersonal communication can be influenced by culture but can be difficult to anticipate until we recognize gone away
- 53genderinterpersonal comm can be affected by gender
- 54Masculine stereotypesmore direct, unemotional, aggressive, competitive, and task oriented
- 55feminine stereotypesmore indirect, emotional, passive, cooperative, and relationship oriented
- 56intimacythe level between the communicators can affect the types of messages that are shared between them
- 57intimate personal relationshipscharacterized by high levels of trust, worthy, and affection, while non-intimate relationships are more impersonal, distant, formal
- 58breadththe number of contexts in which communicators interact in a relationship. It can serve as a measure of the degree of intimacy
- 59depththe amount of time communicators interact and the personal level of information exchanged in that relationship
-also serves as a measure of intimacy level, trust must increase - 60social renetration theoryposits that we disclose increasingly personal information about ourselves as the relationship develops and we reserve our most private info for our most intimate relationships
- 61onion metaphorthe development of relationships can be looked at like the peeling of an onion
- 62First layerSafe Scripts
-weather, sports, music, food etc. - 63MIddle LayerPolitical views, social attitudes, group affiliations
- 64Inner Layerrequires much more trust
-spiritual values, dreams, fears, secrets, fantasies - 65Coremost basic and private
self-concept
closest friends
significant others
family - 66Interpersonal Attractionwhen making a conscious choice about who to form a relationship with, attraction can play a big part in that decision
- 67interpersonal similaritywe are attracted to people with similar attitudes, interests, values, habits, and communication styles
- 68social proximityrefers to "social closeness"
-we may be more attracted to people who live near us, belong to the same groups or organizations, or maybe attend the same school, work in the same place, etc.
familiarity and comfort in your meeting places - 69Physical Attractionoccurs when we are attracted to someone's appearance through such attributes as facial features, body type, hair color, etc.
-romantic & friendship relationships - 70Attractivenessthe idealized appearance of physical attributes, or the "perfect-look"
- 71Stages of relationship developmentpatterns or life cycles that relationships pass through as they develop or deteriorate
- 72coming togetherThe 5 stages of a relationship where it becomes more intimate
- 73Initiating1st stage of a relationship
we try to gain the attention of the other person. Establish open lines of communication
safe scripts
"hi, how are you?" - 74Experimenting2nd stage
explore mutual interests & circumstances
still somewhat safe scripts, but looking for common interests - 75Integrating topics-Area of common interest that members of a relationship enjoy discussing
-Once discovered, you'll stick to them
-Begin to gain greater insight into the person - 76Intensifying3rd stage
breadth and depth occur
still cautious about divulging intimate details - 77Reciprocitywhen you offer something to someone, you expect something similar in return
- 78IdiosyncraticPersonalized, nicknames, shortcuts, unique patterns of interactions
- 79Integratingthe people will work each other into their lives to a greater extent
-coordinate daily schedules
-develop common interests
-mix social circles
-empathy increases for one another - 80MetacommunicationCommunication about communication
Analysis of your interactions with one another and discussion - 81BondingSome act of commitment takes place
-Cohabitation, engagement, etc.
-Sharing of obligations & responsibilities - 82Coming apart5 stages where a relationship deteriorates
- 83Differentiation1st stage of potentially coming apart
-we begin to notice differences between ourselves and our partner
-communicate about these differences
-express dissatisfaction, individual wants/needs
-can maybe lead to a stronger relationship
-also may begin to deteriorate - 84Circumscribing2nd stage of relationship deteriorating
-we reduce breadth & depth
-stick to safe topics
-dissatisfaction increases
-put on a brave face in public
-Prefer silence in private - 85Stagnating3rd stage deterioration
-relationship stops growing in either direction
-feel hopeless, don't try to repair relationship
-communicate like strangers/lack intimacy - 86Avoidancesome avoidance has already taken place, but now physical avoidance
-avoid face-to-face contact
-only interactions are blunt & hostile
-channels of comm. close
-disconfirmation -ignoring each other when in the same room - 87Terminatingthe end of the relationship negotiated
-try to understand your new circumstances & cope with them
-reflect upon benefits gained
-make a point of returning personal property
-defacing/burning personal property - 88Turning Pointsparticular events, feelings, or interactions that can change the direction, or intensity of a relationship
i.e. "I like you as a friend" - 89Self disclosurethe act of revealing one's personal thoughts, preferences, feelings & experiences to another person with in the context of an interpersonal relationship
-showing trust - 90Conflicta condition of disharmony and disagreement that exists when people who depend on one another see their needs, beliefs, values, or goals as incompatible
- 91BoundariesThrough conflict, boundaries in a relationship of what is acceptable/unacceptable can be established
- 92expressing feelingsyou should be able to open up and talk about things that may better you
- 93History of Survivalyou can prove that your relationship can with stand and overcome various conflicts
- 94sources of conflictthe chance of conflict increases once people are in a relationship that is interdependent
- 95Dialectical Tensionsongoing, changing needs that are often opposite or contradictory
- 96Autonomy/connectiontension can be caused by one person wanting to retain independence, while the other person wants to be together or connected
- 97stability/changesafe, conventional routines for one vs. a need for novelty and new experiences for another
- 98Expression/Privacyone person might want to be candid, or open and confiding while the other desires privacy
- 99Coercionpsychologically or physically forcing the other person to accept your point of view
-gun to head strategy
-crying to stop discussion
-threatening - 100Persuasionattempting to get others to change their point of view
-offer information to change opinion - 101collaborationworking together to reach a consensus
-best solution to conflict - 102compromisegiving up something in order to find an acceptable solution to the problem
-one or both people give up something
-requires negotiation - 103Accommodationsacrificing in whole or in part, your own preferences and points of view
-satisfying the other party's primary goal - 104avoidanceattempting to avoid conflict
-maybe due to a lack of information or don't fully grasp an issue
-remaining silent/leaving during conflict - 105Destructive Responses to ConflictComm characterized by competition, self-centeredness, hostility, and defensiveness
- 106setting a critical toneusing sarcasm, attacks, or accusations at the beginning of a conflict, which can establish a negative tone
- 107passive aggressionindirect expression of hostility, often through humor, guilt, or inconsiderate behavior
- 108acting defensivelywhen a person feels threatened or attacked he or she responds by retaliating
-can occur when the person mistakenly thinks he/she is being attack - 109Stonewallingwhen people refuse to talk about conflicts or problems, ignore them, or try to keep others from talking about them
- 110Communicating contemptwhen a person delivers a message that discredits others through insults or mockery
- 111constructive responses to conflictcharacterized by cooperation, shared interests, flexibility, open discussion, and support of differences
- 112reframingchanging the way people see things and trying to find alternative ways of viewing ideas, events, situations, etc.
- 113resistancethe level where we judge others who are different and avoid/reject them
- 114tolerancethe level where we are willing to acknowledge the differences exist
-"live & let live" - 115respectthe level where we begin to see value in the ways that others are different
-we begin to trust or befriend others seen as different - 116Participationthe level where we accept others who are different as unique, valuable, etc. we have integrated people deemed different into our lives
- 117Communication climatethe way people feel about their interactions with others either in relationships or in groups
- 118small groupa limited number of individuals (3-15) who communicate interdependently to achieve a common goal
- 119primary groupsgroups that exist to fill basic human needs of survival, safety, and inclusion
-nuclear families, extended families, groups of friends - 120social groupsgroups that provide opportunities for recreation, relation, and entertainment
-sororities, fraternities, book clubs, teams - 121Help groupsgroups where the goal is the improvement of individual members rather than the group
-AA - 122civic groupslocal government and education groups that operate with in the official structure of public institutions
(school boards, city counsels) - 123community-based groupscross root group that look out for public interests
-animal rights groups - 124Virtual groupsgroups connected through computer networks
- 125Diversityin number abilities, resources, and knowledge
- 126group synergyoccurs when members combine their abilities to produce an outcome greater than the sun of their individual abilities
- 127division of laborsplitting up responsibilities
- 128group commitmentif a group takes the time & effort to come to a decision, members will more likely stand by it
- 129cohesiona sense of attachment & solidarity that binds a group together
- 130problems w/ group decision making-sacrifices need to be made
-conflict can arise
-takes more time
-not everyone contributes - 131task avoidanceengaging in excessive socialization to postpone or forestall working on the project
- 132group normsexpectations established through interaction, about how members should behave
- 133explicit normsrules that might be communicated directly to the group & even written
- 134implicit normsrules that are assumed to exist. they are not talked about or written
- 135individualismthe tendency of some cultures to emphasize the importance of individual rights, needs, and identity over group rights, needs, and identities
U.S.A. - 136collectivismthe tendency to emphasize the importance of group obligations, needs, and identity
-Japan, china, etc. - 137task rolesfacilitate the group goal or purpose
- 138maintenance rolesserve to build relationships within the group to create a sense of team work
- 139disruptive rolessatisfy a member's needs of the expense of the group
- 140majority rulesa vote on an issue where the majority wins
- 141Authority decision makingone person or subgroup is charged w/ making the decision for the whole group
- 142consensus decision makingreacting unanimous agreement through group interaction
-most difficult/time consuming - 143leadershipthe process of exerting positive influence over other group members
- 144authoritarian leadershipthe leader of the group makes all of the decisions for the group
- 145Laissez-faire leadershipleader uses a hands off approach
-minimal guidance
-lack of structure/direction - 146Democratic leadershipallows members to participate fully in the decision-making
- 147persuasiona symbolic process in which communicators try to influence the attitudes/behaviors of others regarding an issue through the transmission of a message in an atmosphere or free choice
- 148utilitarianismjudge a persuasive message by its outcome
outcome good-ethically ok
outcome bad-ethically questionable - 149Deontologicaljudge a persuasive message by its intentions
good- ethically ok
bad-ethically questionable - 150shapingthe formation of how one evaluates an object, or the creation of an attitude toward an object
- 151reinforcingbacking up, or further providing a reason to maintain a particular attitude toward an object
- 152changingthe converting of an attitude towards an object to a different attitude about the same object
- 153attitudea learned, global evaluation of an object that influences thought & action
- 154social judgement theorystates that people evaluate issues based on where they stand on the topic
- 155authoritypeople adhere to authority to obtain rewards and avoid punishments
-Milgram experiment - 156Credibilitythe attitude toward a source of communication at a given time by the receiver that is comprised of perceived expertise, trust-worthiness, & goodwill
- 157source attractivenesslevel of attractiveness attributed to the communicator by the receiver
- 158powerless speechcharacteristics that may suggest to a receiver that the communicator is less then powerful or lacks confidence
- 159hesitation forms"uh" "well"
vocalized pauses - 160hedgesphrases that reduce the definitiveness of a speakers assertion
"kind of/sort of" - 161tag questionsthe speaker "tags" a declarative statement w/ a question at the end of a statement
- 162disclaimersintroductory expressions that ask the listener to show understanding or make allowances for the speaker
- 163cognitive dissonancea negative, unpleasant state that occurs whenever a person holds 2 cognition's that are psychologically inconsistent
- 164cognitive dissonance theorysuggests that people will attempt to reduce the feeling of dissonance by either adjusting one of their attitudes/behaviors to fall in line w/ the other
- 165fear appealsa persuasive communication that tries to scare people into changing their attitudes by conjuring up negative consequences that will occur if they do not comply w/ the message recommendations
- 166threatsome harmful effect that may be the result of non-compliance w/ the message
- 167Efficacya recommended response or way of eliminating the threat
- 168severity informationinfo about the seriousness or magnitude of the threat
- 169susceptibility informationinfo about the likelihood that the threat can occur to you
- 170response efficacyinfo about the effectiveness of the recommended action in reducing the threat
- 171self-efficacy"you can do it"
- 172The Johari Windowusing self-discovery and communication to build trust
- 173the open quadrantthings that you know about yourself, and others know about you.
Includes your behavior, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and "public" history. - 174The Hidden Quadrantthings that you know about yourself, but that others don't know
- 175The Blind Quadrantthings about you that you aren't aware of, but that are known by others
- 176The Unknown Quadrantthings that are unknown by you, and are unknown by others
- 177AllnessAn individual cannot take one characteristic, idea, or detail and assume that he or she knows all or has said all there is to say about a person, subject, or concept
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- FlashCards sobre com exam 2, criado por s.cipriani em 30-09-2015.
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